Just-in-Time (JIT) Techniques Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Just-in-Time (JIT) Techniques - Assignment Example Thus by thinking about the problem the problem it can be viewed and finally when the problem eventually becomes clear leads to kaizen. If one makes it a rule to deal with defects only after they occur and thus the number of its staffs tends to fall. Therefore, things that are running smoothly should not be subject to any control. If you commit yourself to just finding and fixing problems, you'll be able to carry out effective control (within an organization) with fewer personnel†. This concept is very well applied in Toyota. Since everyone at Toyota is involved equally at the business improvement plan. The people at Toyota participated in the meetings which are held regularly and discuss the progress and also consider the new initiatives. Thus, everyone at Toyota is expected to contribute and all the ideas are equally listened to by the management of Toyota. Unlike other organization there are no suggestion boxes in Toyota as people are not afraid to talk about the new ideas an d plans (Hope & Player, 2012, p. 211). The success of Toyota an automotive company has been able to achieved success with the techniques of lean which is monitored by most of the organization (Blanchard, 2007, p. 97). According to the managing director of Toyota, the long principle of Toyota production System (TPS) will continue to work with the system of Just In time and will not change in the future and its production is able to meet all the upcoming challenge. Just in time revolves around the concept of producing of only what is needed and thus transferring only what is needed. Instead of the system of push system, it represented only to the pull system where the workers get and fetch what is required. Tools, such as the Kanban (the information card); and on the display board, as well as poka yoke the error prevention, was developed in order to implement the pull strategy (Toyota, 2012). The Toyota Production System had the ability to fulfill the demand of the customers efficient ly and promptly by way of linking the production to market place. JIT relies on the process of assembling the sequence only when they are required and needed (Toyota (A), n.d). Just in time offers a continuous, smooth and an optimized workflow with measured and careful work cycles and with the on demand movement of goods, materials capacity and reduce the cost of the time wasted. The members of the team can concentrate on each of their task without any interpretation which finally leads to better quality; deliver at the given time and of course peace of mind for the customers of Toyota. Potential Benefits — and Drawbacks — of Such JIT Techniques Are Limited to Large Manufacturing Businesses or Whether They Have Wider Applications for Other Organizations Benefits and Drawbacks Just in time has benefited many of the organization in many different ways and some of the benefits includes such as with the help of just in time the set up time can be reduced which allows the o rganization to eliminate the time needed to set the inventory; the flow of inventory increases from the warehouse to the selves; employees with multi skills are used at an effective and efficient way. Employees with multi skills allows the companies to move the workers to the required department with ease and confident; the relationship between the suppliers and the

How occupational stress affects mental health Essay Example for Free

How occupational stress affects mental health Essay Stress is a normal condition that affects many people. However too much stress leads to both mental and physical health. When a person has, too much stress there is a high probability that a person will stop functioning normally. Severe stress also can also lead to breakdown. This can be observed through the behavior that a person exposes. This means that a person changes the set of patterns of behaviors. Their performance in day to day duties are also affected and become worse as days pass. A person tends to lose interest and the ability of functioning as a normal person. These are obvious signs of nervous breakdown. Severe stress cause mental disorders in people. This happens especially if the stress becomes severe. It is good for one to deal with stress because of the effects it has on the mental health. This is because some of the factors that lead to stress are complicated for the mind to handle. Stress compels one part of the body against another part of the mind. This leads to pulling and pushing against the positive forces. This then leads to compression of emotions and thoughts. This makes a person to have feelings of loss of control of life. If a person dwells on the negative feelings this makes the person to have high possibilities of being subject to mental illness. The mental health is affected as stress leads to change of the equilibrium in the brain, which applies pressure to the mind. Lack of reinstatement of the equilibrium leads to chemical imbalances and diseases. In case the mind has some faulty areas, this makes a person have difficulty in coping with stress. This leads to more negative thinking including suicidal thoughts (The British Psychological Society, 1993). There are several symptoms of stress and anxiety caused at work. Stress at work is caused by work pressure, relationships, at6 work or issues related to finances. The nature of work has changed over the last century and is still undergoing change drastically. With these drastic change, stress is inevitable as workers try to cope with the changes. Stress by the workers is dangerous as it affects not only their health but also the health of the organization. The symptoms of work stress vary from person to person depending on the situation or how ling a person is subjected to the stress and the stress intensity. Some of the typical symptoms of work stress include lack of concent6tartion in one responsibility, frequent absenteeism without valid excuses, some workers turn to substance abuse and one show some signs of frustrations and extreme anger, which is usually directed to fellow workers (Tetrick, 1987). Workers who are at high risk of getting stress and anxiety are the ones who are experiencing job insecurity as a result of the metamorphic changes that may be occurring in the work place. Reorganizations, downsizing and takeovers are some of the changes that occur in organizations that lead employees to have stress and become anxious, as sometimes they do not understand where future in the organization lies. High demand for performance also leads to stress and anxiety for instance increased workload, long hours of working and intense pressure to perform at peak levels but without increase of the pay. Workers who are faced with these kinds of p-pressures have possibility of getting anxious and stressed. People who their believes conflict and those who are unable to cope with workplace culture also have high possibilities of getting stress and anxiety (Tetrick, 1987). Example of workplace cultures that may lead to stress include adapting to dress code, communication pattern, hierarchy and the behavioral patterns. If a person experiences stress and anxiety as a result of the above and does not seek help the stress and anxiety may be worse leading to mental and physical problem. There are various ways in which individual can deal with stress. It is necessary for one to be able to change with time so that to prevent stress. Being able to change with time makes a person feel more secure. Foe example, in work places it is important for an individual to be continually prepared for any change that might arise so that to survive and avoid stress. It is also good for one to find emotional and moral support from friends and family members. It is good to find time to remotivate and reenergize whenever one feels down. This prevents the stress from escalating to more severe problem. Individuals who turn to substance abuse, as a way of relieving stress should also avoid this because substance abuse acts as way of increasing the stress. It important to develop positive attitude towards every situation in life including stressful situations. This is done to prevent situations such as fear anger and negative thinking, which leads to stress. This can be done by employing personal growth techniques such as exercises, breathing and meditation. Work place stress can also be reduced by celebration of accomplishment of other people’s accomplishment. In case of stress that is chronic, it is advisable to seek assistance from a health profession (Koeske, Kirk Koeske, 1993). This knowledge regarding stress and anxiety and the ways to handle them is important as it help me understand that in some cases they may not be inevitable in the workplace. By understanding this, it is important to understand the way to prevent them from occurring and way I can do to stop them from affecting my performance. The knowledge is also helpful as it make me understand ways I can help my colleagues whom I find with the problem in the future.

Porters Four Generic Competitive Strategies Marketing Essay

Porters Four Generic Competitive Strategies Marketing Essay The company that I has chosen is Dean Foods Company. Dean Foods Company is a leader in the quality branded dairy business in United States. Dean Foods Company was founded in the 1925 by Samuel E.Dean and is headquartered in Dallas, Texas. The company was formerly known as Suiza Foods Corporation and in December 2001 its changed its name to Dean Foods Company .Its operating as food and beverage company in United States and also knows as multinational corporation their divided their company into 2 segments which is DSD Dairy and WhiteWave-Morningstar which is different company target on different market .like DSD Dairy which target on markets, and distributes various branded and private label dairy case products such as whipping cream, dairy coffee creamers, and ice cream mix and other.The WhiteWave-Morningstar company is target on dairy related products, soy products such as silk soymilk and milk and so on. (http://finance.yahoo.com/q/pr?s=df). In year 2006 Dean Foods Company have been added into standard and poors 500 index(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500) and it also in the ranking number 6 in the top 100 food processing company in year 2009 (http://www.foodprocessing.com/top100/) and manage to earn $ 12,454,613  as total revenue in year 2008. (http://finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=DFannual),ConAgra ,Dairy Farmer of America and Kreadt Food which is the competitor od the Dean Foods Company (http://www.answers.com/topic/dean-foods-company). The corporate vision of Dean Foods Company is Healthy Foods, Healthy Families, Healthy Business and creating value for our owners in long and short-term, by means of profitable dairy activities; to develop, produce and market a broad range of reliable, natural and nutritious dairy products that contribute to well-being and vitality of life; and to recognize that know-how, quality, dedication and leadership of our employees are the most crucial assets to achieve our targets and make stable growth in their business. (http://www.deanfoods.com/our-company.aspx). This is a very important for an organization that in the beginning of the process strategies analysis it should analysis environment. Environmental analysis should be continuous and feed all aspects of planning. The organizations environment analysis is composed as follows 1.0 Internal analysis 1.1 SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis is plays an important role to evaluate environmental opportunity in relation to the strength and weakness of the organization resources and it relation to the organization culture. (http://deep-swot-analysis-software.smartcode.com/screenshot.html) By using the SWOT analysis we can know the strengths and weakness internal of organization and also The opportunities and threats presented by the external environment to the organization (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis) ,SWOT Analysis with the PEST can be used as a basic for analysis if business and environmental. Because all company are aim for maximizing the profit so that SWOT analysis is normally using for general business planning. Normally SWOT Analysis is creating the value for the company then creating the customer for this value we need to know why we can survive in this market what make us become so special or unique compare to our competitor. What customer need remain unfulfilled in this market and why they will purchase our competitor product and so on. Opportunities are area to add value to our product like doing the promotion and advertisement so that our product will be better known in the market and the threat is how u losing your customer .( http://www.sales-and-marketing-for-you.com/swot-analysis.html). For the example as we know Wal-Mart is a powerful retail brand and also is a value for money, convenience and a wide range of products all within the scope of a stores reputation. Even Wal-Mart is the worlds largest food retailers and the control of the Empire, despite its technological advantages, will make some parts of the country, due to large span of control is weak. This is the main weakness o f the company .they have the opportunity to take over, merger, or other forms of strategic alliance of global retailers, focusing on specific markets such as Europe and the Greater China region because the a the largest food retailer company in this world . But they need always change with time because their competitors not only in the local and also global. (http://marketingteacher.com/SWOT/walmart_swot.htm). 1.2 Value Chain Analysis Value chain analysis is how we create the competitive advantages through adding value in any functional area of business and how it might be using for evaluating competitive advantages. (http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/value-chain-analysis.html) Sources: http://www.remnet.com/porter.html All primary activity will support by the supporting activities which plays an important role in create and maintaining a competitive advantage in current market and it will support by the firm-wide infrastructure. For example McDonalds goes into a win-win relationships with Pret à   manager, a UK sandwich chain which is concentrating on each partners competences. Sources: adapted from American marketing association (2001),Farnham (2001) .case refer to Appendix 1. Through the analysis it will help firm to achieving competitor advantages in different ways which is cost advantage, differentiation and linkages within value activities within the organization and outsourcing activities. Beside that the firm can determine the value of the system in the industry, the various actors in the potential of strategic alliances, its will helps firms to identification of cost drivers by reducing costs and finding ways to optimize the return on the entire value chain links. In addition, the value chain analysis can help firms understand the issues of cost management. For example firm can introduce a new production processes or different sales approach to reducing the cost beside that the firm also can create the differentiation with their competitor by procurement of inputs and make the final product become more unique or either increasing the service level ,finding a cheaper or better suppliers, improve the reliability and flexibility and improve the business processing such as reduce the manufacturing costs, lead time inventory, and avoid the risk in investing in specialized assets . By using this analysis the firm can save a lot of cost and it will increase competitor advantage in the food industry market. 1.3 BCG matrix BCG Matrix is helping the enterprise to determine the product line, analysis their business unit and also allocate resources. Normally it using to analytical tools in brand marketing, product management, strategies management and portfolio of the company. (http://krikor.info/2008/11/bcg-matrix/) (Sources: http://krikor.info/2008/11/bcg-matrix/) Basically the BGC matrix is using to rank the product on the basic of their relative share market and growth rates into four quadrants which show in diagram above. Each represents a different type of business with different strategies and resources requirements. (http://www.maxi-pedia.com/BCG+matrix+model) (http://www.12manage.com/methods_bcgmatrix.html) This model have various advantages which is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ Enables management assesses the organizations present and future potential and provided base for the management to decide and prepare the next action should be taking. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ Provides analysis and comparison to multinational companies framework. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ Provides a good foundation for the formulation and marketing objectives to develop a specific international market. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ Easy to understand decision-makers through a convenient graphical form à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ Enables management to make informed decisions. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Provide access to opportunities and issues related to specific product may be useful insights. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Enables management to assess the strength of a company. (http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Bcg-Matrix/164421) By using BCG Matrix analysis, PepsiCo able to market their products and increase their market share and market growth the strategies. In the other hand ,BCG matrix results for PepsiCo is also considered to be inspired by the branding strategy of the company for enhancing the market share and growth of their brands like Frito-lay, Pepsi, Quaker, Tropicana and Gatorade. ( http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/03/boston-consulting-group-matrix-bcg-on-pepsi-co.html) 2.0 External analysis Is an analysis looking from the outside resources from the company and it might affect the operation of the company. 2.1 PEST Analysis PEST analysis is analysis the external macro-environment that will affect to the entire firm. Its is the short form of politic, economic, social and technology. Its plays an important role to consider by the firm before the organization is starting a marketing process, because some of the factor is no under control of the corporation themselves. ( http://www.netmba.com/strategy/pest/) PEST analysis can be used for business and marketing and strategic planning, product and business development and the research about the market thru the product. The diagram below it shows how PEST analysis can be used for delivery to you from any department or individuals view point of view of the market thru the service and product of the company. (Sources from: http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/pest-analysis.html) PEST analysis has several advantages which is Simple structure Provides an understanding of the business environment. Encourages the development of strategic thinking. May raise consciousness of threats to a project and make the organisations earning profit from it. Can help an organisation to look forward to future difficulty and take action to avoid or minimise their impact Can help an organisation to mark opportunities and make it successfully. (http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-141751393/carrying-out-pest-analysis.html) For example Coca Cola Company is using political analysis which is selling the non alcoholic beverage. Beside that they also using the social analysis by introduce the diet coke to the whole world which nowadays are practicing healthier lifestyles in this action their manage to get 43% of all household in the us citizen to buying their product instead of beer or mineral water (http://www.scribd.com/doc/22274938/Swot-n-Pest-Analysis-of-Nestle-and-Coca-Cola) 2.2 Porter 5 forces It uses the concept of the development of industrial organization economics to derive five kinds of forces to determine the intensity of competition, develop a broad and sophisticated analysis of competitive position and the markets attractiveness. In this regard, the appeal refers to the profitability of the industry. This model can help us to define the threats and opportunities in surroundings our business and creating the strategies or decision about the organization. The diagram below is shows about the how the process and what should we focus when we making decision of the porter 5 forces: (http://www.maxi-pedia.com/Five+Forces+model+by+Michael+Porter) By using this analysis it can bring some benefit to the corporation which is Understanding the competitive forces in your industry. Assessing the attractiveness of, and growth opportunities within, a new industry. Developing effective strategies to raise your profitability, power, and competitive (http://www.strategy4u.com/assessment_tools/info.php?s=2) 2.3 Scenario Analysis Scenario analysis typically focuses on how to estimate the portfolios value will fall if the adverse events, or worst case, a reality. Scenarios involving different rates of reinvested earnings are expected to a horizon, we will re-investment return on investment. (http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/scenario_analysis.asp) Even the scenario analysis doesnt tell you what should do to meet the customer needs and wants but they can help you understand the potential impact and benefits of different methods. Lets put in front of you all the possible results can help you make the best decision. This analysis has some advantages which is: Multiple scenarios can alert organisation when their facing some uncertainties planning which for future. scenarios help to overcome the tendency to be overconfident and base construction planning on a best guess about the future, scenarios raise the quality of strategic thinking and broaden perspectives, Scenarios help to develop robust strategies regarding different possible futures. (Sources: http://www.projectmara.com/134.0.html) 3.0 Introduction Strategy formulation is vital to the well-being of an organization, it using three phases to analysis the strategy management process which is diagnosis, formulation and implementation to help the corporation to achieve organizational goal. In the three aspects of strategy formulation it can dividend into various level of strategies which is business level strategies, corporation level strategies and international strategies. Each strategy was a different focus, need to address the strategic development and management phases and it support and affect between each other. It should be consistent for a mutually supportive way, constitute an integrated together hierarchy of strategies. 3.1 The relationship between corporate level strategies, business level strategies and international level strategies. The corporate level is thinking about what business are we in? How we created by the value of your business and ensure your business will successful in long-term period by managing your portfolio of business. To ensure that all operations are compatible, we need to develop the business units, and sometimes to make sure each business in your portfolio are compatible with each other. The business level is thinking about how we achieve the goal or an objective which was set by the corporate level. Normally this level will support by the functional to ensure it will be success. The international level is how we finding a new opportunity or other resources to our corporate to ensure it can be survive in the long term period and make sure it have the competitive advantages among our competitor. In other to come up with strategies, there are 2 approaches we need to consider which is 3.2 Resources based approach The two fundamental reason for making the resources and capabilities of the firm are Internal resources and capabilities which provide the basic direction for a firms strategies and resources and capabilities which are the primary sources of profit for the firm. Normally the resources based view will base on internal strength of the organization and compete with external environment. The diagram below is outline the framework of 5 stages to procedure which analysis the strategies formulation of the firm based on the resources based approach (http://books.google.com.my/books?hl=enlr=id=Pv3wzZ0z7R0Coi=fndpg=PA135dq=resources+based+approach+to+strategies+formulationots=E0iz50x-w-sig=FBf9lP-Lv1qJkXrVAj4lIx9bAU8#v=onepageqf=false) RBV explains that a firms sustainable competitive advantage is reached by virtue of unique resources which these resources have the characteristics of being rare, valuable, inimitable, non-tradable, and non-substitutable as well as firm specific. (Sources: Barney 1999 cited by Finney et al.2004, p.1722) For example McDonald using the Resources based approach to ensure their become more unique compare to their competitor and gain some competitive advantages in the market. In order to have a unique ability they use the M as their logo, so that all customers know that this is a glance of the McDonalds restaurant. They prepare French fries and hamburgers as their trademark in the other hand, McDonalds, it is obvious they have the courage ability to face the fact that competition with other international fast food chains. With its enormous market share and the experience in this industry for many years, other companies that they have strengths and the other party is difficult to imitate by other companies (http://www.mightystudents.com/essay/Use.Resource.Based.49020) 3.3 Porter 5 force 2.0 Business Level Business strategy and framework to achieve a specific level of the enterprise and make the organization become successful. Usually involves the company will decide how to compete in our chosen business or strategic business units. (Strategy Formulation benefits http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Str-The/Strategy-Formulation.html#ixzz0lqGsD9b3) Adopted from Michael E. Portel(1980) Competitive strategy is about being different. It means deliberately choosing to perform activities differently or to perform different activities than rivals to deliver a unique mix of value 2.1 Porters Four Generic Competitive Strategies Porters Four Generic Competitive Strategies is about how to make become so unique in the market and how to make the product got competitive advantage .Four strategies involved, and to what extent the wide range of activities of enterprises, and how to make their commercial products to distinguish themselves. Differentiation strategy will usually charge higher prices to increase product value, using the value-added features, service, convenience, quality customer. Such as the Mercedes-Benz car company, the premium price for the customer to buy a car, because it makes the buyer willing to pay that there is significant value to the car. ( http://tutor2u.net/business/strategy/competitive_advantage.htm) Cost leadership strategy is how to provide low-cost products and services than their competitors. This strategy is often used when a similar product or substitute products in market and price competition in the market is dominated by the price-sensitive buyers. Through sustained, exceptional efforts to reduce costs, and ensure that these strategies can be used successfully in the market. For example, Tescos competitors will do their shop daily price surveys to ensure that their products sold in cheaper prices to the other. ( http://www.tesco.com/todayattesco/pricecheck.shtml) Cost focus is a strategy which concentrates in a narrow focus and customer segments to the lowest price competition, and strives to lower costs than the competition advantage. For example a small shop on a side -street in a town in which they will order the clothes at lower price, or the cheapest electronic equipments which made in china. Different focus strategies is emphasis is concentrated in a narrow customer base, and competition through a variety of different features for example a high -fashion womens handbag ,clothes ,shoes and other. 2.2 Market positioning The key concept of the market positioning is how to make your product and service become unique and competitive advantages in the market by using pricing, quality, service, distribution and packaging. For example the product Nyquil was conceived as an excellent cough during the day but it will make people become sleepy after consume it. Because of the side effect of sleepiness, the company has be repositioning it and it become the night machine and help the company gain a cold remedy market .(http://www.tenonline.org/art/mm1/9305.html) 3.0 Corporate levels Corporate level is the scope of the different industries and markets the organization and considers what changes and strategies should be made in the growth of our goals or objectives. In the corporate level it got three components are useful which is 3.1 Growth strategies Ansoff matrix is a tool that helps business decides which strategy should be used and set the strategic direction for the business. It can be shown in the following chart: (http://tutor2u.net/business/strategy/ansoff_matrix.htm) In particular, the risk factors have increased further the strategy moves away from the known quantity, therefore, product development and marketing generally involves greater risk than `infiltration and diversity generally carries the greatest risk. 3.2 Portfolio analysis Portfolio analysis is concerned with making decision about the portfolio of lines of business or strategies business unit but not the companys portfolio of individual product. BCG growth share matrix model, which can help us analyze, as an industrial exhibition in the industry growth and market share related to the relative attractiveness of competitiveness indicators. McKinsey matrix is that it can be considered by both the industry attractiveness and competitive strategy customized composite variable. Single business strategy is very successful by using this method for example the early strategies of McDonalds, Coca-Cola company some of the advantage using this strategies is less ambiguity about who are and what we do ,concentrate the efforts of the total organization ,focus on long-term profits. 3.3 Corporate parenting This is a multi-related business, which involves the allocation of resources and management capacity, and in the whole portfolio of business activities. it need making some decision for business in below How to allocated the resources The critical factors make each business unit success and how to improve it Coordination of activities and ability to transfer between business units 4.0 International levels International strategy can also serve as global business, is close to the current market to the global market. Through the international strategy it will help companies creating new sources of competition, opened up new opportunities in the existing market. This is the 3 basic reasons why nowadays company will going international In order to increase sales and profits, multinational companies can expand market outlets, to open up development opportunities. Overseas sales can absorb additional capacity, reduce unit costs. They can also spread the risk of a wide range of market economy In order to gain a competitive advantage, multinational companies can find low-cost production facilities shut down and raw materials or cheaper labor. They can expand their distribution channels and access new technologies through joint ventures. In order to ensure raw material resources, transnational corporations engaged in global exploration, processing, transportation and marketing, raw materials (http://www.marcbowles.com/courses/adv_dip/module11/chapter7/amc11_ch7_two.htm) 4.1 Type of international strategies As we know they got 4 types of international strategy which is global strategies, transnational strategy, international strategy and multi-domestic strategies different strategies also got pros and corns which will show in the chart below Type of international strategies Global strategies Transnational strategies Multi-domestic strategies International strategy Advantages -Local economies. -Scale economies -Core competencies exchangeable. -Experience and location economies. -Locally responsive. Confers almost total local responsiveness on the products / services -Core competencies are exported to gain cost advantages through lower labour and transportation costs. -Limited local responsiveness Disadvantages -Unresponsive to local demand -Difficult to implement. -The term transnational may be used differently from person to person. There is no universally agreed definition. -Limited transfer of core competencies. -Limited experience and location economies. -Tends to produce a form of local autonomy which makes the local unit unresponsive to corporate headquarters -Limited local responsiveness. -Limited flexibility because of limited experience and location economies. Example Electronic goods such as TV and VCR. Motor vehicles. Shell, Unilever, Caterpillar Older MNEs of European origin Computers Foods Pharmaceuticals (Adopted from Zaleski, J. E. 2004, A lesson to learn: How automakers survive globalisation, Bangkok Post , 18 May, p. 2.) (Adopted from Hill 2005, Chapter 12, pp. 427-433.) 4.2 Franchising Top of Form Bottom of Form A commercial organization, which has been in charge of a company in exchange for a successful product or service to continue to work with other businesses operating under the franchisors trade name, and under the guidance and the franchisee, usually a contract relations . (http://www.investorwords.com/2078/franchise.html) For example McDonald after they selling the franchising to the local company their will provided the training to the staff in the restaurant and teaching them how to organize the business. ( http://www.mcdonalds.com.my/abtus/franchise/faq.htm) 4.2 Licensing Licensing is a business arrangement, one of the companies to another companys license to manufacture its products for a specified payment. By licensing patents, trademarks, copyrights, design your business, and other intellectual property rights to others. For example about 90 percent of the $160 million a year in sales at Calvin Klein Inc. comes from licensing the designers name to makers of underwear, jeans and perfume. ( http://www.entrepreneur.com/encyclopedia/term/82376.html) http://www.netmba.com/strategy/pest/ http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/pest/

Euthanasia Essay -- Ethical Issues, Physician Assisted Suicide

It is the principle of conduct which requires us (healthcare workers) to act in a way that benefits others (patients) by preventing or removing harm, or more directly acting to produce a good Due to the nature of the job, it can be said that nurses often have to deal with the situtaion of ethical dilemas. Because we live in a culturaly diverse society, our values are not necessarily the same. This often gives the leeway for ethical dilemas such as, whether euthanasia and assisted suicide are moraly right or wrong. Euthanasia is defined as "a deliberate intervention or omission with the express intention of hastening or ending an individual's life, to relieve intractable pain or suffering" (Sanders, 2007). Assisted suicide refers to making available to an individual the means (for example, pills or a weapon) to take his or her own life† (Michele, 2004). Euthanasia and assisted suicide are argued to be done to relieve a patient from pain and suffering, however that can be countered. It is important for one to consider the reasoning behind why people ask for euthanasia or assisted suicide. In the case of Mr. Maxwell, who is diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis for m ore than 10 years and is requesting for euthanasia. Morally, I do not support his request to remove his ventilator because it is unethical. This paper focuses on why euthanasia and assisted suicide are wrong from the perspective of autonomy, nonmaleficence and rule-utilitarianism. Very good ï Å  Autonomy Autonomy is usually used to justify the act of euthanasia and assisted suicide. Autonomy is said to be the right to self-government. "Within the contexts of moral and bioethical philosophy it is the capacity of a rational individual to make an informed, un-coerced d... ...st cases, they are not well informed about other options they might have. It is the role of the nurse to provide the patient with other alternatives other than suicide. "The autonomy of the patient is important, but not absolute.† (Quadhebeur, 2009) Realizing that the nurse's role is not to do harm is as well important, because when nurses are seen as both care givers and killers, it makes it hard for patients to put their trust on nurses. As the rule utilitarian will argue, it is important to do what is morally right. Not killing an innocent human being is right in this situation, and this theory should be adhered to. Finally, it can be argued that "euthanasia is too drastic an intervention to be used for patients at the end of their life; this is because it makes dealing correctly with death almost impossible and it is also irreversible" (Quaghebeur, 2009).

Civil War in Fort Sumter in American Essay

Fort Sumter is located in Charleston in South Carolina; the Fort was famous for its role that it played as a site where most shots that initiated the American Civil War were fired during the battle of Fort Sumter. This site was constructed using the slave labor from the year 1829 and unfinished in the year 1860, when the war started. This structure was designed to accommodate six hundred and fifty men and one hundred and thirty five guns arranged in three rows of gun emplacements, On April 12, 1861, there was a thirty four hour firing that was opened by the Confederate succession whereby a Gillmore Medal a special military decoration, was issued to the Union Service Members who performed their duties in Fort Sumter in the opening combat of the American Civil War. The battle in Fort Sumter was a conflict that ran for decades in America, the origin of this war was slavery in the new territories, which led to the negotiation of the year 1850 that was used to stop the political crisis, but it did not resolve the issue of slavery, slavery was considered by the Northerners as a national vice which was controlled by a number of Southern owners of large plantations who had the goal of spreading slavery. Under this, we find that the southerners were more worried about the growth of the North in terms of its population and industrial development. The development of both the North relied on free labor while the South relied on slave labor. There was a division of the United States in two regions that is, the North East and the Midway was recognized with its growing economy that relied on the farms owned by the families, the industries, and transportation, business with a high population in urban areas and in never encouraged its slavery outside the borders. While the Southern was controlled by a developed plantation system supported by slavery, the northern population was said to have grown quickly than the Southern population, this made it hard for the southern states to have control over the national government. Most of the slaves were not owned by many of the Southern whites who concentrated in subsistence farming, while the most of the salve owners were engaged in controlling the political and economical systems in the State. The northern states argued that the slavery was adverse for the nation, whereby in 1776 the north had to abolish slavery with a concern of maintaining unity in the states, within which politicians had a reasonable resistance to slavery, which led to negotiations such as the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and that of the year 1850. Under this the struggle to end slavery was not the main goal of the war, the war started with the need of expanding the territories of the slavery that was taken as a basic in economic, cultural and political differences that led to the rise of the control of the States’ rights and independence of the Southern States in the country. The attack of the Northern state at the Fort Sumter created Hostilities among the states whereby, the Northern States attempted to defend the nation, we find that Lincoln mentioned during his inaugural address in March 1861, that a National Unity to be put up, whereby there was already a withdrawal by the Seven States. This unity was to be used as a war goal to unite the democrats, Border States and the Republicans. In 1863, Lincoln included liberation that permanently removed the division factor that lead to independence of the other states, even though he proposed federal laws against slavery in the year 1858 where withdrawal was increased, the Slave-owning South and the Anti-slavery North, which made him express a concern to stop the expansion of slavery putting in mind the publics believe that the slave trade was in its way of extinction. In the 1850s, there was a strong political battle that focused on the expansion of slave trade in the territories which accelerated the Southern movement towards secession , under this we see that both the Southern and the Northern states were threatened by secession, whereby the Southern States had fears of losing its control of the central government to the forces that were against slavery-while the Northern States were fearing that the Southern had already taken control over the government, this led to this civic war. The Southern was supported by the election of the Republican Abraham Lincoln through which most regional leaders feared that he was put in a position which would enable him stop the expansion of the salve trade, we see that many Southern citizens thought that slavery would be abolished by either Lincoln or another person from the north and therefore they decided to split. Fear of racial and equality was also seen as a leading factor to this civic war whereby the Southerners expressed their fears for the loss of slavery that would thereafter lead to the economic losses. Also the fears of racial equality whereby, there was the probability of a doctrine of equality to be set through which all men regardless of race would be made the slaves of a particular region and this would make them demoralized and degraded in a way that they could fight against the slavery. The fear of modernization was seen as a leading factor to the civil war, where we see that the Northern States were becoming economically stable, with its strong knowledge of having aggressive, free labor capitalism, while the South remained in its traditional standards of living. The Northern was said to be having an industrialized economy whereby, it engaged itself in producing of arms, munitions supplies including monetary contributions and transportation while the confederate territory continued to shrink and its economy weakened. This led to the North having power over the shipments, steamships, river boats and the navy that made the North to come up with the construction of ships that led to the north to also take control over the river systems thus blocking the whole Southern coastline making its transportation slower and difficult to manage. Various international communities intervened in this civil war this included the Britain and France who, rather increased the Southern States chances of winning the secession from the United States. Under this we see that the Southerners decided to involve themselves in cotton consignment, in which they had an objective of making the economy of Europe to be inefficient thinking that it would have made Britain enter the war in order to get cotton, but this ideology did not work since Europe had to prove to have a productive supply of cotton to the British thus the Northern States gained exports at a more British import trade. The Southern failure in the cotton production came as a result of the control put on the transportation systems by the Northern states, which therefore hindered any transaction between any other countries with southern states. In the early 1820s and 1830s, the religious leaders were seen to come up with an idea of abolition as one of the methods they thought would help them resolve this war; these leaders were termed as abolitionists who attempted various social reforms extinguish the war, among them were Wendell Phillips and Frederick Douglas who insisted for the immediate abolition of slavery. Among the two, there were also other abolitionists like Theodore Weld and Arthur Tappan, who asked for an abrupt action against the war, though the action, was to be a gradual liberation program with a long system. This course was also supported by the Anti-slavery men, who were not abolitionists they tried hard to limit the slavery; they were seen to be ambitious to end the slave trade in their states this is best explained in the 1841 case, where we find that John Quincy Adams presented the Amisted African slaves in the United States supreme court, claiming that they should be set free. These abolitionists believed that all people were equal before God where, they came up with an argument that enslaving another person is a violation of the Higher law. The slave owners were angered by this movement and they defended this fact, saying that slavery was good and that it was authorized by God. We see that the southern came up with Biblical interpretations that directly disagreed with those of the abolitionists, under which they interpreted the case of the curse of Noah’s son Ham and his offspring in Africa, can be used as a validation for the slavery of blacks. In 1830s it was found that the General Post Master of the United States banned the mailing of pamphlets that were made to fight against slavery to the South. In this case we find that the Southern States refused to be termed as abolitionists. And anyone who was found rebelling against the slavery was charged with his actions, this is better explained in the 1859 case of, John Brown who attempted to start a slave rebellion which threatened the Northern States, Brown’s efforts were to fight against the slavery; whereby he seized the federal Harpers Ferry Armory at the Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in the year 1859, the ferry had carried many weapons to be used in the war, he was strongly supported by many Anti-slavery members of the Secret Six that provided the financial support for his raid. Among the supporters was, George Luther Stearns, Franklin. Sanborn, among others. As an effect of the raid Brown was captured by the army that was dispatched to put down Browns’ raid and he was tried for treason against Virginia and he was later hanged. At the end of the war we see that the South emerged as the winner of the war whereby it is said that the Union took advantage of the confederation in terms of industrial strength, population, and the objectivity of winning the war. Most people argue that the confederate action were only used to delay the defeat, but the confederacy was seen to have won the war by the survival of Lincoln where he defeated McClellan in the 1864 elections under which the aspiration of the southern victory was ended. With the success in the elections Lincoln was seen as a success in getting the support of the neighboring States, the conflict democrats, liberated slaves and Britain and France. We also see that Lincoln defeated the copper heads and their peace policy. He had found military leaders such as Grant and Sherman who took the advantage in battle over the Associate Militia through which the war was won by the generals who feared no bloodshed and by the end of 1864 the South had lost the anticipation to win the battle. Though, the Northern war leaders noticed that the victory over this war needed more than fighting. It decided to come up with ways of encompassing the two goals of the war, where by we see that the secession was to be renounced and all forms of slaves were to be eliminated. These leaders differed completely on the following: the criteria of the war and also on the degree at which the national control that were to be given to the South, and the process by which the southern was to be reincorporated into the union again. The war ended in the year 1877, which carried a complex and various series of federal and state policies. The civil war amendments were long-term results divided into three where the thirteenth amendments was that which abolished the slavery, the fourteenth one was that which extended federal permissible protections to the people not putting in mind the race, and the fifteenth one which abolished racial boundaries on voting. References Donald, D. E. (2001): The Civil War and Reconstruction:-latest edition 2001. 700 page survey Davis. W. C. (1983): The Imperiled Union 1861-1865 3v (1983) Fellman, M. E. (2003): This Terrible War- The Civil War and its Aftermath. 2003, 400 page survey Reach, J. P. (2005): Americans at War Society, Culture and the Homefront. Vol. 2: 1816-1900 Tulloch, H. (1999): The Debate on the American Civil War Era† 1999, historiography

Risk Management Strategy and Plan Document Shell

Project Selection: The first step will be to select a project that you to develop a risk management strategy and plan for. This project will be used as the basis for each of the assignments throughout the course and should conform to the following guidelines: 1. Nontrivial: The selected project candidate should reflect a real-life project that has at least the major milestones identified. 2. Domain Knowledge: You will be applying knowledge of this project to address assignments related to identifying and analyzing risks.Select a project that fits these requirements, and submit your proposal to your instructor before proceeding further with the assignments in the course. Approval should be sought within the first few days of the course. Your instructor will tell you how to submit this proposal and what notification will be given for project approval. Assignment: Your first task in this process will be to select a project to use as the basis of your Key Assignment.You will also create the shell document for the final project Key Assignment document deliverable that you will be working on throughout the course. As you proceed through each project phase, you will add content to each section of the final document to gradually complete the final project delivery, which is the Risk Management Strategy and Plan. The following project deliverables: 1. Submit project proposal to instructor for approval 2. Risk Management Strategy and Plan Document Shell * Use Microsoft Word * Title Page 1.Course number and name 2. Project name 3. Student name 4. Date * Table of Contents 1. Use auto-generated TOC 2. Separate page 3. Maximum of three levels deep 4. Be sure to update the fields of the TOC so it is up-to-date before submitting your project. 1. Section Headings (create each heading on a new page with TBD as content except for sections listed under â€Å"New Content† below) 1. Project Outline 2. Risk Management Justification 3. Project Risks Identification 4. Project Ri sks Assessment 5. Project Risks Responses Strategy . Project Risks Management Plan 7. Project Risks Monitoring & Control Plan 8. Project Risks WBS & Budget Updates 9. Project Risks Communications Plan 1. New Content to be Inserted in Above Shell * Project Outline 1. Brief description of the project. 2. The milestones and/or WBS for the project. 3. Material can be taken from approved proposal submitted to the instructor, and this will serve as the draft for the proposal. 4. Be sure this project is approved by the instructor. 1. Risk Management Justification 1.Discuss why risk management is so important to the success of the selected project in a letter to the project sponsor. 2. Describe the steps that will be used to develop the Risk Management Plan. 3. Represent this process in a flow diagram as well 1. Project Risks Identification * Start brainstorming, at a high level, on some categories where risk could occur in this project (Note: you will continue this brainstorming activity i n the next week with specifics, likelihood, and impact). Name the document yourname_MPM344_IP1. doc, and submit the document for grading.

Scientific Management essays

Scientific Management essays Frederick Winslow Taylor known as the father of scientific management has had a major impact on the way businesses operate today. Born March 20, 1856 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Taylor, who had problems with his eyes and could not attend college. Instead, he went to work as a laborer in a machine shop. He later worked at Midvale Steel Works and became a manager in addition to attending night school to get a mechanical engineering degree. He saw the inefficiency and waste at his job and decided to dedicate himself to stopping this waste and improve efficiency (Kreitner 2001). Frederick Winslow Taylor and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth all made great contributions in the area of operational approach to management. As the United States moved into the industrial age, management faced with the challenge of changing the pre industrial revolution people (Eldred 2000a). Before the industrial revolution and the creation of large factories and assembly lines, artisan workers took great pride in their individual abilities and techniques. This pride led many tradesmen to go to great pains to keep the secrets of their trade a secret. The tradesmen would pass their techniques and tips onto their sons and apprentices (Eldred 2000b). The tradesmen were not concerned with efficiency, but rather their artistic ability. There was no standardized way to accomplish various tasks; each individual worker performed their tasks as instructed or as they had learned through observation and trial and error. Frederick Taylor and the Gilbreths in particular realized that there m ust be one best technique. Frederick Taylor also recognized the importance of standardization to improve efficiency, but developing and designing systems that are more efficient was his focus. He believed that by designing facilities for more efficient operation and by educating the workers and management that the success of the company would be mutually, ...

Glandulas suprarrenales Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Glandulas suprarrenales Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Glandulas suprarrenales Generalidades Organos pares, constan de 3 diferentes tejidos Corteza externa, controlada sobre todo por el sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona: que regula la liberacion de aldosterona, la cual afecta la homesotasia de sodio y potasio Corteza interna, controlada por el sistema hormona liberadora de coticotropina cortisol, que regula la respuesta fisiologica al estres mediante la liberacion de cortisol y tambien produce androgenos La medula, que forma parte del sistema nervioso simpatico y produce adrenalina Embriologia Cada glandula adrenal consiste en dos regiones diferentes: Corteza: deriva de las celulas mesenquimatosas unidas a la cavidad celomica en proximidad al pliegue urogenital. Puede distinguirsele desde los dos meses de gestacion. La corteza adrenal fetal aumenta de tamano con rapidez, llegando a ser mayor que el rinon hacia los cinco meses de gestacion, momento con el cual ya se distinge en dos zonas: Corteza externa definitiva: Zona glomerulosa (Externa), la cual expresa la enzima desmolasa (cataliza la primera reaccion en la sintesis de esteroides) y aldosterona sintetaza (Cataliza la reaccion de aldosterona) Zona fasciculada (Intermedia) que expresa desmolasa (catalizala reaccion final de la sintesis de cortisol y corticosterona). Zona reticular (Interna) Corteza externa fetal: se degenera con rapidez y al ano de edad ha desaparecido

Theme and Narrative Elements in the Short Story Essay - 1

Theme and Narrative Elements in the Short Story - Essay Example In examining Hemingway’s short stories one notes their poignant and powerful literary quality. This essay examines Hemingway’s short story Hills Like White Elephants, arguing that Hemingway’s utilization of the literary devices of tone and style work together to advance the story’s overarching narrative theme. Throughout Ernest Hemingway’s short story Hills Like White Elephants there is a tone that is articulated that establishes and advances the narrative theme. While it’s difficult to specifically indicate what the central narrative or plot of the story is, as Hemingway purposely doesn’t reveal this core information, one can to a large extent surmise that the couple is speaking about a potential abortion. In establishing this plot and narrative elements Hemingway explores a number of tonal qualities. One of the most pervasive such element is the use of a slightly existential or nihilistic perspective on life and the couple’s d ilemma. Early in the story Hemingway implements dialogue such as, â€Å"I wanted to try this new drink: That’s all we do, isn’t it – look at things and try new drinks?† (Hemingway). Hemingway implements this dialogic perspective to establish the story’s general tone of existential ennui. It also highlights the woman’s discontent with the general state of her existence and desire to potentially have the child.

The naval blockade established by the US during the Cuban missile Research Paper - 1

The naval blockade established by the US during the Cuban missile crisis was the most effective strategy that forced the Soviet Union to remove the missiles from Cuba - Research Paper Example It prevented them from conducting nuclear tests on earth’s outer space, in the atmosphere or even under water. China had so much potential of developing nuclear weapons, to further this; they signed an agreement with Moscow. China was to provide uranium ores to Moscow and in exchange get help to advance its nuclear technology. By 1950’s, China started developing these weapons on their own. This remarkable advancement in nuclear technology china was able to develop the first hydrogen bomb in 1967. In the succeeding years, the Cultural Revolutions disrupted weapon development but other sectors like scientific fields and educational ones experienced slow advancements. Extend to which china had developed in nuclear power advancements remains uncertain. These nuclear weapons developed increased insecurity in the whole world2. After the Second World War, USA was the leading power and had all the potential including nuclear power and well-trained and equipped army. The Soviet Union wanted to counter USA’s influence on the rest of the world, and therefore, they settled on forming nuclear weapons that would deploy effectively the entire European continent. Soviet Union placed their station in Cuba that was more strategically located and would favor the transportation of materials more easily. They had plotted a scheme on how they would invade on USA. the battlefield chosen would give the soviets more chance to win West Berlin into the soviet orbit3. The Soviet Union secretly started to work on building missiles from their location in Cuba. They wanted to build on military power that would be more accurate and reliable as contrasted to that of the USA. They had plans to destroy the whole of the US continent. The nuclear technologically assembled missiles would be the most powerful, giving Soviet Union considerable advantage over the USA. The missiles that the US had constructed were unreliable

News Log Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

News Log - Essay Example The misconduct occurred in the Metropolitan Police Services, where the information of the Crown’s case was leaked to the News of the world. The investigation by the Metropolitan police revealed that this hacking activity was not restricted to a single reporter, but has a wide network with several people being involved in it, who would be caught soon. Casburn, with an annual salary of  £65000, was working as the Detective Inspector of terrorist activities in the Metropolitan Police Services, defended her act of hacking by saying that she wanted to bring the news in front as her departmental members were not serious about the case (Laville, 2013). Not being a very strong point, her defense was rejected by the jury committee. This conduct of hers has letdown the name of her police department and her colleagues have no soft corner for her. Eleveden and Tuleta, members of the operation panel said that Casburn has misused her position and in no ways deserves anything less than hig h penalty (Laville, 2013). They added that leaking or publicizing confidential information can be justified at some occasions, when the intention is to stop corruption. However, in Casburn’s case the intention was to make money and that cannot be justified in any case (BBC Radio, 2013). Two bomb blasts occurring in the interval of about 10 minutes took the life of more than 92 citizens with over 147 been injured. Early in the morning there was another blast in the marker area of Quetta, Baluchistan which killed 11 people and more than 27 were injured. It was followed by a series of two blasts back to back in the evening, occurring in an interval of just 10 minutes, killing further 87 people and about 120 being injured badly, as reported by the police officers. These blasts took place in the snooker hall at Quetta, where the majority of the gathering were Shia Muslims (BBC , 2013). This was another act of

Civilization Collapse and Environmental History Essay

Civilization Collapse and Environmental History - Essay Example The rebels were suppressed and their leaders executed in 1788. Pierre-Etienne further elaborates that also in the 1780s, in Gansu province, there were two major revolts of the Muslim communities, sparked by adherents of a fundamentalist "new sect" who opposed the local Muslim officials appointed by the Qing. Both Muslim uprisings were suppressed after heavy fighting, as were a series of revolts by Miao tribesmen in southwest China. But the fighting was costly to the Qing, who despite their victories did not eradicate the underlying causes of religious, economic, and ethnic resentments. In 1799, as Qianlong's reign ended, rebels claiming the same White Lotus affiliation that had animated the followers' of Wang Lun were rising up all across central China and were actively fighting Qing troops in many areas of Sichuan, Hubei, Shaanxi, and Henan. Can one link these outbreaks to Specific Manchu policies that alienated the people The evidence is not clear on this, but it is certain that in the late eighteenth century many Qing government institutions began to falter: the emergency granaries were often empty, sections of the Grand Canal silted up, regular banner troops behaved with incompetence or brutality, efforts to stop ecologically dangerous land-reclamation projects were abandoned, the bureaucracy was faction-ridden, and corruption ran deep. It is also possible that Qing reluctance to create new county governments in areas of new settlement or dense population put impossible stresses on officials in the bureaucracy. Moreover, the intense pressure for jobs meant that those who had finally obtained office sought a swift return' for all their waiting and anxiety, pressing local peasants in their jurisdictions for speedy tax payments and for supplementary charges. The White Lotus insurgents of the 1790s, for instance, stated categorically that "the officials have forced the people to rebel." It is also true that in the conduct of the border campaigns, as in the suppression of local rebellions, Qing officials indulged in an unusually high level of graft. This was made possible by collusion between high figures in military and civil government, who often hid the real situation from Emperor Qianlong. And Qianlong, having allowed the secret palace memorial system of his father Yongzheng to become impersonal and routine, now had no reliable, confidential sources from which to learn of his officials' malfeasance. There is no doubt that this pattern of corruption grew worse after 1775, when a young Manchu guards officer named Heshen became entrenched as the elderly emperor's court favorite,although Heshen was not responsible for everything that was going awry. At that time Heshen was twenty-five and the emperor sixty-five, and the following year the favorite received an extraordinary series of promotions: Qian long named Heshen a deputy lieutenant general of the Manchu plain blue banner, a minister of the imperial household, vice-minister of revenue, and a grand councilor. There were no parallels in Qing history for giving so many powerful appointments to a young man, and Qianlong later piled honor on honor. Heshen was made minister of revenue (and, for a time, minister' of civil

Can any organisation learn to be inovative Essay

Can any organisation learn to be inovative - Essay Example These significant changes are led the impact of the globalisation which has also encouraged the technological expertise and innovation. In fact, globalisation and innovation are closely related with other. â€Å"Globalisation can be viewed as the outcome of processes of imitation and adaptation of innovation† (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2005, p.108). Trade and business is the most of the important area that has been heavily influenced by globalisation. Globalization has been a boon for the trade and commerce as it has provided a vast opportunity to entire business world. However, it has also led to intensify the global competiveness as majority of the economies encourage the international trade by imposing free trade policies. Hope and Maeleng have defined the free trade policy as a â€Å"competition enhancing device† (Hope and Maeleng, 1998, p.61). In such competitive environments, the business organisations are trying to gain sustainable c ompetitive advantage, and in this course, innovation is the one of the most key factors. For example, Tidd, Bessant and Pavitt has identified that new product development is highly correlated with the market share and innovative attempts is the core essence of a new product development (Tidd, Bessant and Pavitt, 2005, p.5). The level of innovation generally depends on the size and types of industry. For example, technological innovation is more prominent in automotive industry rather than apparel industry. However, innovation can be termed from the technological perspective but it can be also defined from the management strategic perspective. On the other hand, there are certain requirements that must be met for incorporating innovation and these requirements are external as well as internal environments. This paper wills attempt to present analysis and discussion on the multiple aspect of innovation required in an organisation. The primary focus will on the multiple factors that mu st considered while incorporating the innovation within an organization. Hence, certain popular theories and models on innovation will be explained in order to understand the basics of innovation. In order to meet the primary objective of this paper, the identification of drivers and barriers of innovation will be analysed. Finally, the entire discussions and analyses will be summed up in the conclusion. 2. Theoretical Background regarding Innovation Innovation has been a popular area of study and many scholars and academics have tried to offered and explain their views to present the multiple aspects of innovation. They have realized the increasing importance of innovation in every aspect of human activities especially for the commercial purposes, and hence their theories are essential for the organisation seeking to develop an innovative business model and organisational culture. Incorporating an innovation within an organisation is a long process and number of factors must be ali gned as per the prevailing condition. At presents, the business organisation is continuously trying to improve their overall business model and operating activities by incorporating innovations in their organisation. The innovation used by them â€Å"can range from straightforward cost reduction measures to completely re-designing the business†

Can Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Can - Essay Example This means that each culture needs other cultures to help it have a better understanding of itself and expand its intellectual horizon hence saving it from narcissism. Thirdly, each culture is plural internally and in a great way reflects a continuing conversation between its strands of thought and different traditions. Canada is among the increasingly ethnically and culturally diverse nation. The major response to the diversity is the official multiculturalism which was introduced in the early 1970s. Despite the fact that multiculturalism is almost 40 years old, it nevertheless remains one of the highly controversial and debated issue in the country (Tierney). This paper analyses the various symbiotic derivatives with regard to the Canadian multiculturalism include issues of racism, ethnic and cultural diversity, belonging, immigration, colonization, and hegemonic power. Canada is a country of immigrants who have in a great way altered the ethnic makeup. This makes it a constitution of wide array of various group with own social and political practices. The pattern of immigration has led to diversity in ethnicity and culture. It has also resulted in cultural and ethnic discrimination which has been a major drawback. This space helps us to understand the national and regional identity through the stone carvings on the parliament hill. The country has the only Parliament buildings in the world where the stone carving is still in application continuously. This is a unique feature that helps us identify the parliament of Canada. The peace tower has more than 350 carvings. The parliament has been undergoing various renovations even though the process is difficult and expensive when the building is still in use. Through this, the government has played a great part in giving the Canada’s parliament a facelift to ensure that it is well maintained through

Civilization Collapse and Environmental History Essay

Civilization Collapse and Environmental History - Essay Example The rebels were suppressed and their leaders executed in 1788. Pierre-Etienne further elaborates that also in the 1780s, in Gansu province, there were two major revolts of the Muslim communities, sparked by adherents of a fundamentalist "new sect" who opposed the local Muslim officials appointed by the Qing. Both Muslim uprisings were suppressed after heavy fighting, as were a series of revolts by Miao tribesmen in southwest China. But the fighting was costly to the Qing, who despite their victories did not eradicate the underlying causes of religious, economic, and ethnic resentments. In 1799, as Qianlong's reign ended, rebels claiming the same White Lotus affiliation that had animated the followers' of Wang Lun were rising up all across central China and were actively fighting Qing troops in many areas of Sichuan, Hubei, Shaanxi, and Henan. Can one link these outbreaks to Specific Manchu policies that alienated the people The evidence is not clear on this, but it is certain that in the late eighteenth century many Qing government institutions began to falter: the emergency granaries were often empty, sections of the Grand Canal silted up, regular banner troops behaved with incompetence or brutality, efforts to stop ecologically dangerous land-reclamation projects were abandoned, the bureaucracy was faction-ridden, and corruption ran deep. It is also possible that Qing reluctance to create new county governments in areas of new settlement or dense population put impossible stresses on officials in the bureaucracy. Moreover, the intense pressure for jobs meant that those who had finally obtained office sought a swift return' for all their waiting and anxiety, pressing local peasants in their jurisdictions for speedy tax payments and for supplementary charges. The White Lotus insurgents of the 1790s, for instance, stated categorically that "the officials have forced the people to rebel." It is also true that in the conduct of the border campaigns, as in the suppression of local rebellions, Qing officials indulged in an unusually high level of graft. This was made possible by collusion between high figures in military and civil government, who often hid the real situation from Emperor Qianlong. And Qianlong, having allowed the secret palace memorial system of his father Yongzheng to become impersonal and routine, now had no reliable, confidential sources from which to learn of his officials' malfeasance. There is no doubt that this pattern of corruption grew worse after 1775, when a young Manchu guards officer named Heshen became entrenched as the elderly emperor's court favorite,although Heshen was not responsible for everything that was going awry. At that time Heshen was twenty-five and the emperor sixty-five, and the following year the favorite received an extraordinary series of promotions: Qian long named Heshen a deputy lieutenant general of the Manchu plain blue banner, a minister of the imperial household, vice-minister of revenue, and a grand councilor. There were no parallels in Qing history for giving so many powerful appointments to a young man, and Qianlong later piled honor on honor. Heshen was made minister of revenue (and, for a time, minister' of civil

Can Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Can - Essay Example This means that each culture needs other cultures to help it have a better understanding of itself and expand its intellectual horizon hence saving it from narcissism. Thirdly, each culture is plural internally and in a great way reflects a continuing conversation between its strands of thought and different traditions. Canada is among the increasingly ethnically and culturally diverse nation. The major response to the diversity is the official multiculturalism which was introduced in the early 1970s. Despite the fact that multiculturalism is almost 40 years old, it nevertheless remains one of the highly controversial and debated issue in the country (Tierney). This paper analyses the various symbiotic derivatives with regard to the Canadian multiculturalism include issues of racism, ethnic and cultural diversity, belonging, immigration, colonization, and hegemonic power. Canada is a country of immigrants who have in a great way altered the ethnic makeup. This makes it a constitution of wide array of various group with own social and political practices. The pattern of immigration has led to diversity in ethnicity and culture. It has also resulted in cultural and ethnic discrimination which has been a major drawback. This space helps us to understand the national and regional identity through the stone carvings on the parliament hill. The country has the only Parliament buildings in the world where the stone carving is still in application continuously. This is a unique feature that helps us identify the parliament of Canada. The peace tower has more than 350 carvings. The parliament has been undergoing various renovations even though the process is difficult and expensive when the building is still in use. Through this, the government has played a great part in giving the Canada’s parliament a facelift to ensure that it is well maintained through

Behavioural Skills for Business Essay Example for Free

Behavioural Skills for Business Essay When looking at what a manager should be doing and what Richard has been doing it is easy to see that he is struggling to properly understand what being a manager actually entails. While there have been many theorists over the years all trying to show what being a manager truly means I think that Rosemary Stewart’s theory fits Richards situation perfectly. Stewart recommended a three part classification for the analysis of jobs. She focused on; Job Demands – What you must do Job Choices – The freedoms you have. Job Constraints – The limit on what you can do. When looking at Job Demands you need to look at certain things; What routine job activities must not be neglected or delegated without a penalty being incurred. When looking at Richards situation you can see that Conflict There can be many causes of conflict within a business these can include; the formation of cliques; group pressure; patterns of communication; personality clashes; assumptions about others; misuse of authority; power tactics and manipulation; general expectations and beliefs; misunderstandings; understandable beliefs and assumptions. With regards to Carole’s situation the biggest causes of conflict are due to the fact that there were personality clashes between herself and Joanne due to the fact that they couldn’t work out a way to effectively to distribute the workload and then fell out due to â€Å"bitter words were exchanged†. It doesn’t help that the patterns of communication are weak within the company when she was put in charge, an example of this is when she found out that both Joanne and Ian had taken to leaving work early via an administration officer.

The Contribution Of Human Resource Planning Commerce Essay

The Contribution Of Human Resource Planning Commerce Essay Human resource planning determines the human resources required by the organization to achieve its strategic goals. According to the Bulla and Scott (1994) it is the process for ensuring that the human resource requirements of an organization are identified and plans are made for satisfying those requirements. In human resource planning people are the most important strategic resource for an organization. Whereas HRP generally concerned with matching resources to business needs in the longer term, although sometime address shorter-term requirements as well. HRP also looks at broader issues relating to the ways in which the people are employed and developed in order to improve organizational effectiveness. So HRP plays an important role in strategic human resource management. The contribution of human resource planning The evolution of HR planning has been led by many developments which are following below: . Computerised HR information systems. . Closer links between the business environment and the activities of HR managers. . Skill shortages, necessitating the need for skill databases. But on the other hand organisations are increasingly focusing on HR planning for the following reasons: . Supply of skills to address strategic and demographic change. . Need to focus more on demand and supply for an external and internal perspective of an organisation. . Value of using scenario planning to model the fit with future business environment. HR planning plays an important role in business planning. The strategic planning process defines projected changes in the types of activities carried out by the organization and the scales of those activities. It determines the main goals of the organisation and also its skill and behaviour requirements. All these plans HR planning interpret in terms of people requirements. It also focus on solving the problems that the people required will be available at the rite to make some necessary contribution. As Quinn Mills (1983) says, HR planning is a decision-making process that combines three important activities: Identifying and acquiring the right number of people with the proper skills. Motivating them to achieve high performance. Creating interactive links between business objectives and people planning activities. The changing nature of the internal and external labour market requires the need to develop a strategic response. HR planning is increasingly necessary process to ensure the organisation is keeping these issues central to these thinking and that the outcomes from the planning process feed into all HR decisions. Acting non-strategically or in a non-planning way will stifle creativity in thinking behind HR policies. Let us consider demographic changes, for example. In response to the short fall of younger people in the workforce, and an increasing rate of early retirements, organisations can face the following responses: . Do nothing. Allow entry standards to reduce; Outsourcing activities can address the absence of internal skills. . Compete. Intensify recruitment and pay higher salaries, which might tend to increase costs, and short-term poaching of staff. . Substitute. Review new labour market sources. . Act. Improve the research mix, organisational image and working environment, restore employee turnover. Model of human resource planning There are three stages of human resource planning: Reconciling future resourcing needs with future HR plans. Considering and applying HR policy so as to have an impact upon the flows of human resources in an integrated way. This includes this pattern of engagement of staff and their movement through the organisation and the stages of exit. 3. Assessing the effectiveness of HR policies in accessing, creating and using human resource capability. The following chart shows how the organisations can view the flow of people and skill into, through and out of the organisation. It can also be the basis on which decision about reshaping the flows of skills and people can be made. Approaches to human resource planning Resourcing strategies shows the way forward through the analysis of business strategies and demographic trends. They are converted into the action plans based on the outcome of the following interrelated planning activities: . Demand forecasting- this is the key area of forecasting in the short, medium and long term. The organisation must determine the demand profile of skills, including their life cycle and decline, and the competence mix. . Supply forecasting-estimate the supply of people by reference to analyses of current resources and future availability, after allowing for wastage. The organisation must determine the supply of skills both internally and externally. . Investigation and analysis: The organisations must keep the knowledge about, (1) The external environment and labour market, looking at for example, national training plans and the location of markets. (2) The internal environment and labour market: the age and gender balance of the workforce, the number of employees, wastage rates and so on. (3) The organisations systems, resources, culture, practices and industrial relations. (4) Commercial performance requirements such as sales targets, product mix, market segments and profits. . Decision-making The organisation must then make plans to balance supply and demand of skills. The influences will include skill levels, development and the cost effectiveness of accessing a wider skill base. The areas in which decisions will be taken include: recruitment retirement and redundancy selection and assessment outsourcing promotion and reward development and retraining organisational development and culture the type of employment contracts performance management employee relations For example if we use the example of financial services sector, including banks, building societies and credit/loan agencies, using the above model we suggest that over the last 10-15 years the following picture might emerge: . External environment: reduced demand, changing skills, increased competition. . Internal environment: redundancies, new career skills, new culture. . Organisation system: a need for performance and productivity improvement, incentives, flexibility. . Commercial performance requirements: sales of more products, new markets reducing margins. These days in many sectors of the new economy, including finance, banking and it skills have moved from being administrative and routine skills to more complex competences based around diagnostic and interpersonal skills and knowledge. This has an important consequence for selection, labour market and developmental strategies. Key issues faced by such sectors are the need to focus on retention of key staff together with the allowance and possible encouragement of turnover on certain categories of employment. The training implications are about internal skills upgrading. From a recruitment point of view targeting external staff with the right knowledge and skills becomes critical. There are also employee relations implications such as the need to communicate the expectation of staff and demonstrate support for the changes. Professionalism in HR planning The first part of professionalism is understanding the customer, the customer requirements and providing customer satisfaction. HR is increasingly viewed as a service; a service both to employees and to the business. As such customer requirements need to be well understood. Delivering the right services to the customer at the right time, to the right quality and to the right cost must be the goal of HR. In this global business environment, the customer demand on HR is changing rapidly. From the business point of view, HR needs to understand the changing resourcing requirement of the business, flexibility in headcount in response to business cycle, the core competencies the organisation is trying to create and the culture it is trying to establish. HR has to understand the needs of a mobile workforce supporting a global organisation, the knowledge- based workforce the organisation is trying to nurture, the frequent re-structuring due to increased mergers and acquisitions activity, integration of new staff and so on. From the employee point of view, HR need to be clearly understand the increasing needs for workplace flexibility, distance and e-working, improved work-life balance, accessibility of HR operations. Some of the evolving requirements identified above can be enabled by technology. For example, technology underpins mobile/home working and facilitates the accessibility of HR operations at any time and from anywhere. It must be emphasised that technology alone cannot drive results, deliver customer satisfaction or deliver professionalism. Professionalism requires that HR practice be fair, open and transparent. Today, there is a legal obligation for organisations to ensure equality in the areas of race, disability, age, sexuality, gender, religion and belief. HR practices must ensure that equal opportunity regulations are adhered to by all the levels of organisations. Policies and practices should cover recruitment, promotions, remuneration, working conditions, customer relations and the practices of contractors, suppliers and partners, procedure must be in place to ensure that managers do not stifle or limit the promotion prospects of particular groupings or minorities, or discriminate in the selection of new recruits. Professionalism in this area requires the adoption of formalism in capturing customer requirements and selection criteria, and checking adherence against the agreed criteria. This applies to all aspects of HR practices including recruitment, selection, promotion and separation. Professionalism is also e nhanced by engendering, within the organisation as a whole, a culture of equality and respect. One way is to promote this is to ensure workforce diversity training is provided to all levels of staff. Limitations of human resource planning However, it must be recognised that although the notion of human resource planning is well established in HRM vocabulary it does not seemed to be embedded as a key HR activity. As Rothwell (1995) suggests, apart from isolated examples, there has been little research evidence of increased use or of its success. She explains the gap between theory and practice as arising from: . The impact of change and the difficulty of predicting the future-the need for planning my be in inverse proportion of its feasibility; . The shifting kaleidoscope of policy priorities and strategies within organisations; . The distrust displayed by many managers of theory or planning- they often prefer pragmatic adaptation to conceptualization; . The lack of evidence that human resource planning works. Conclusion The whole theory shows the importance of having HR planning system and process in place to support HR strategy. Human resource planning is seen as having increasing importance in addressing both quantitative and qualitative approaches to planning, with the strategic importance of identifying core competencies and sponsoring new techniques. The above theory examined the broader context and information now used for planning and the links to human resource policy decisions.

The Gothic Age :: essays research papers fc

The Gothic Age Introduction The Gothic Age   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the third year that followed the year on thousand grew near, there was to be seen over almost all the earth, but especially in Italy and in Gaul, a great renewal of church buildings; each Christian community was driven by a spirit of rivalry to have a more glorious church than the others. It was as if the world had shaken itself, and casting off its old garments, had dressed itself again in every part in a white robe of churches. Raoul Glaber, Historia, c.1003   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Gothic Age (c. AD 1130-1530) marked the end to an age of chaos, primarily caused by the sacking and pillaging of the Vikings. After the great minds of Western Europe were freed from using their vast knowledge to defend against invaders or plagues, they now had the time and the resources needed to design any and everything in this era from bridges to city walls and castles to cathedrals. This was also a very religious age, with plenty of money being pumped into the Church, some from the crusades, with all of its included looting, and a lot more from all of the tithes all of the people who were born in the population explosion gave faithfully. Another even bigger source of income for the Church came to it in the shape of power and prestige, when the power of the church peaked in AD 1277.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not only was this a good time for the Church, but this was also a very good time for all of humanity. The standard of living dramatically rose, and along with it, the population of Western Europe shot up. In 1346, the estimated population of Europe was fifty-four point four million just before the plague hit and wiped out more than a third of the population.1 2 This was more than twice the population of Europeans in the year 950 when it was 22,600,0003 .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While the population was exploding there were so many new cathedrals built that in the relatively short time period of two hundred and fifty years, there was more stone quarried to be used in cathedrals (several million tons) than was quarried during the age of the pyramids in Egypt, where there are pyramids that are over two hundred and fifty million cubic meters big.4   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Gothic age survived many crusades, a plague that didn ¹t leave Europe until the late 18th century, and many other horrible atrocities. Following this great age, there was a period without the great accomplishments as in this age, since everyone was just happy using what their forefathers had done.

Pistol Poets :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Title: The Pistol Poets Author: Victor Gischler Date Published: February 2004 Number of Pages: 340 1. Most Significant Characters   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this story there were not many characters other than the main characters who had much importance on the outcome of the story. The most significant characters in the story were two characters by the names of Jay Morgan and Harold Jenks. Jay Morgan- Professor Jay Morgan was a man who very stressed who was forced to switch schools to teach each year. Switching schools caused many problems for Morgan. Some of the problems included were financial troubles and social troubles. Jay Morgan did not have a steady paycheck because of all his switching. Morgan had very little time to make many friends because he was never at one school for more than 6-8 months.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Professor Jay Morgan was a man who was not a very loyal person whatsoever. Morgan was very untrustworthy and often made decisions that were deemed irresponsible and irrational. Aside from Morgan’s lack of good judgment he was overall a very nice person and he was a good friend to many. Harold Jenks- Harold Jenks also known as Jenks was a hardcore gangster who in his teenage years thought about nobody other than himself. As Jenks grew older he also grew wiser and realized that he could not keep up his gangster ways. Harold Jenks was feared in his neighborhood but in all actuality he was a man with a very kind heart, and someone who had intentions in all the right places. Harold Jenks’ slip up was most definitely hanging out with the wrong types of people. 2. Minor Characters   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were many characters who had minor impacts on the outcome of the story, some of these characters include a girl by the name of Ginny Conrad and a man by the name of professor Greg Valentine. Ginny Conrad- Ginny was a girl who loved to be spontaneous and wild. Ginny was a student at Eastern Oklahoma University and was a very hard working student. She was a person who got along with many people and was also very easy-going. Greg Valentine- Professor Greg Valentine was a man who very much like Jay Morgan was not very trustworthy at all. All though Professor Valentine was not trustworthy many people would often seek him for advice because of his very caring personality. Professor Valentine was a man who was easy to talk to and often gave very good advice on complex situations.

Historical Changes of Affirmative Actions

Affirmative action was established to practice equal employment opportunity. Moreover, in general, it is a catchall phrase that refers to laws, customs, and social policies. It intends to ease the discrimination between majorities and minorities by giving more opportunities for diverse demographic groups in various social organizations. Also, it refers to both voluntary and mandatory efforts practiced by federal, state, local governments, private employers, and schools to overcome discrimination and to urge equal opportunity into the educational system and working environments (Stephanopoulos and Edley 1995). On the other hand, it is criticized and discussed since it was established due to its has very broad influences in America society. It is not simply a legal issue, but also an issue that affects every American†s way of life. However, it†s just like other laws and regulations, none of them can please all kinds of people. I am a supporter of the affirmative action. Some may say that this is because I am a student, and I need affirmative action to protect my opportunity of finding jobs in the future; unfortunately, they have the wrong thought. I am Taiwanese, and I will find my job in Taiwan where there is no regulation like affirmative action. Therefore, I am standing at a very objective position to discuss this topic with you. Of course, you can always keep you opinions in minds, but please open your minds to look at what I am going to tell you. I. The historical changes of affirmative action Affirmative action was first seen at 1961. President John F. Kennedy referred to his executive order that asked all federal contractors treat the applicants and their employees â€Å"without regard to their race, creed, color or national origin† (Pasour 1989). In 1964, affirmative action expanded its scope to prohibit employment discrimination by large employers, having over 15 employees, whether they have government contracts or not. In addition, from 1965 to 1967, affirmative action was expanded to require all government contractors and subcontractors to take it to expand job opportunities for women and minorities. Then, from 1970 to 1973, legislators evaluated and compared the affirmative action this program and status quo and made this program have more flexible goals and timetables for every organization to achieve it. II. I-200 & Proposition 209 V. S. Affirmative Action When I heard that Washington and California have passed Initiative 200 (I-200) and Proposition 209, which are regulations that against affirmative action, I think the residents of these two states may not clearly realize what the affirmative action really is. These regulations were passed because the supporters believe affirmative action has gone too far to protect minorities and women. Furthermore, the affirmative action causes reverse discriminations, preferential treatments, and privileges at not only work places but also schools. Proponents of I-200 and California†s proposition 209 also argue that affirmative action has led American colleges and universities to use racial and ethnic as criteria to select a significant fraction of their entering classes. They also argue that because of affirmative action, companies may hire less qualified minorities or women instead of best-qualified white males. I cannot agree! If those are true, why are most of the top level managers white males? Besides, why are women getting lesser pay than men have when taking charge of the same duties? According to the report of the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission in March 1995, â€Å"a large proportion of minorities and women are locked into low-wage, low-prestige, and dead-end jobs† (Murrell and Jones). The Glass Ceiling Commission reported that â€Å"97 percent of senior managers at the Fortune 1,000 corporations were white males†(Morin and Warden A01). Also, in 1998, women were earning 75% of men†s salaries base on the same kind of job, said by Jim Hose, a Human Resource Professor of Eastern Washington University. The general pattern of male-female relations continues in modern societies. An example like Home Depot Inc. , â€Å"it was suited by EEOC in 1997 because it hired women into low-level jobs, such as cashier, with little chance for advancement into sales or management positions† (Lerner D3). The evidence shows that affirmative action is still needed due to society†s unequal status. Most importantly, opponents argue that affirmative action causes reverse discrimination, and that is not true. A statistic shows that â€Å"fewer than 100 out of 3000 discrimination cases filed actually involved reverse discrimination and only six out of 100 cases were true† (Wilson 1995). When the U. S. overnment stars to practice affirmative action, it creates broader opportunities for all populations instead of only for white men. At this point, white males may have some impact on them, but the affirmative action is still needed when you consider society as a whole. Another issue has been brought out by advocators of I-200 and Proposition 209, that affirmative action leads schools to select candidates unfairly. However, universities do not just look for racial and ethnic diversity when composing a class. Universities may reject some white students, but the reasons are absolutely not simply about racial and ethnic issues. According to the date, which is based on 1996 applications for ten public Virginia universities, â€Å"show those universities selected applicants would consider about race, sex, SAT scores, class rank, and high school grade point averages† (Mcqueen A13). Affirmative action is the regulation that ensures everyone in America has fair chances in every organization. Why did legislators established affirmative action? Is it because of historical discrimination of white people against African Americans? This notion gives those opponents a very big chance to criticize affirmative action. They argue that discrimination between blacks and whites has become history; therefore, we should not have affirmative action to deepen prejudice or recall everybody†s attention to racialism. Has our society become equal without discrimination? I don†t believe that someone is so naive to think so. Perhaps those critics just don†t want to face the truth of the status quo. There was an example on ABC news, which filmed two men that have the same education, age, appearance, and other qualities, However, one is African American and another is white. While the white got full service in shoes store, got a lower price and better financing plan for buying a car, the African American got opposite treatments. Thus, when you think that affirmative action is enough, please consider what the real world is. The truth is that there is pervasive racism in all areas of U. S. society. IV. Four-fifth rule/Quota and Affirmative action The most common argument about the affirmative action is that many people believe that affirmative action leads organizations to not hire the best-qualified people due to some quota restrictions, such as the four-fifth rule. The four-fifth rule means â€Å"adverse impact exists if the selection ration for the discriminated-against group is less than four-fifths (or 80 percent) of the selection ration for the majority group† (Ledvinka and Scarpello 143). These opponents of affirmative action argue that some affirmative action practices have involved the use of preferential treatment and privilege to achieve workforce diversity that destroyed the purity of assessing candidates. At this point, I am not going to say that there is no company that likes what they have described, but the problems occurred due to misunderstanding of those regulations. What we say about the Four-fifth rule, or simply say quota restriction, is a goal set by government for every organization to follow. So far, there is no company which hires employees base on BFOQ (Bona fide occupational qualification), that has been charged because of not reaching the goal of the Four-fifth rule. â€Å"True affirmative action does not enshrine preferences or mandate quotas. Nor has any effective affirmative-action program ever been structured to allow unqualified candidates to take jobs over the qualified† (Redwood 136). Everyone can have goal. By setting a good goal for yourself, even you can†t reach it, you are still going toward right direction. The affirmative action and Four-fifth rule as like. V. How do you identify the term â€Å"Best-qualified†? Can you give the â€Å"best-qualified† a definition? No, I can†t. Actually, by using â€Å"best-qualified,† this phrase is usually very subjective. Different employers have different considerations under their â€Å"best-qualified† catalogs. Tom may be the best-qualified candidate for company A, but may not be eligible for company B. Also, â€Å"Employers have traditionally hired people not only on test scores, but on personal appearance, family and personal connections, school tiles and on race and gender preferences, demonstrating that talent or desirability can be defined in many ways† (Kivel 1996). As we know, many job opportunities are heard from informal networks, like friends, family, and neighbors. If there is no affirmative action to ensure that everyone has a fair chance at what is available, the segregation between different groups, such as black and white, men and women, will become more and more serious. VI. Affirmative Action creates diversity for our environment Affirmative action helps organizations to find diverse and talented employees. America is a diverse country; therefore, if your company has more diverse employees, your company can get various ideas, information, and knowledge to enhance your competition. Many companies, such as Mountain Bell, have commented that â€Å"by instituting affirmative action, they not only made their employee population look like American, which is a diverse country, but also found more talented and skilled workers† (Pendleton and Douglas 1991). Another example for supporting affirmative action is the Aire Sheet Metal, which its president, Bobby Bramlett, said that â€Å"affirmative action creates opportunities with contractors who otherwise wouldn†t know us, or give us a chance†¦ The work comes through relationships, but that first opportunity to build a relationship comes from affirmative action† (Spencer 151). Therefore, affirmative action can let companies have various personnel to enrich companies† overall human resource and enhance companies competitive capacities. In conclusion, I just want you to recognize what affirmative action really is. Affirmative action ensures that everyone in America has an equal chance to compete with others. It is a law to minimize the gap between blacks and whites, men and women. Although affirmative action may have some impact to white males, we still need this law to balance our society by considering the society as a whole. Affirmative action is good for overall U. S. society, especially, when people can combine those diverse powers together. Affirmative action is a long-term benefit for the U. S. society. I believe every American should support this regulation.