Organ Shortage - 1895 Words

The organ shortage: To market, or not to market? Organ transplantation is a term that most people are familiar with. When a person develops the need for a new organ either due to an accident or disease, they receive a transplant, right? No, that s not always right. When a person needs a new organ, they usually face a long term struggle that they may never see the end of, at least while they are alive. The demand for transplant organs is a challenging problem that many people are working to solve. Countries all over the world face the organ shortage epidemic, and they all have different laws regarding what can be done to solve it. However, no country has been able to create a successful plan without causing moral and ethical dilemmas.†¦show more content†¦To support his argument, Huebner uses statements such as The sellers are often tricked or coerced by brokers, they don t always get the promised payment, and even when they are paid, that rarely solves whatever problem prompted them to sell the organ. In fact, the soluti on usually makes matters much worse.† Huebner also states that Rich patients in need of organs take advantage of the world s poor(Huebner, Albert), insinuating that only rich people can afford to buy organs. While both of these statements support the claim made, there isn t much actual research to support it. No evidence or believable examples were found in the article. While it may be true that more rich people are able to receive organ transplants, it s not fair to say that it s only the rich people who are exploiting the poor. That is, if they are even being exploited at all. Who is to say that the poor people who would sell organs wouldn t be doing so in order to make a better life for themselves and their family? Until an organ market is established and research is done to support these claims, there is very little fact to support them. This leads into the next claim, that commodifying organs will take the integrity out of donating. The idea of turning to human body into a commodity is one that has been disapproved of for a long time. It s not legal to be aShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia Organ Donation And The Effects On Organ Shortages1679 Words   |  7 PagesENG106 Professor Tiedt Euthanasia Organ Donation and the Effects on Organ Shortages â€Å"The shortages in transplantable organs worldwide not only leads to unnecessary death, but also to grave human right abuses though illegal methods of procuring organs† (Statz, 2006, p. 1).With the decrease in solid organs available, the demand for organs increase and fail to meet the needs of patients facing organ failure. The only options to receive an organ includes receiving an organ from a family member, begin turningRead MoreAddressing The Shortage Of Organ Donors981 Words   |  4 PagesAddressing the Shortage of Organ Donors. More than 110,000 people are on waiting lists for organs they may not ever get in time (mantel). This has caused an organ black market in which people are trading their or other individuals’ organs for illegal money. In case making criminals out of normal people. In 2009, the FBI arrested a Brooklyn rabbi for illegal organ trade, he was buying organs from overseas for a mere ten thousand dollars and selling here in the black market for upwards of one hundredRead MoreOrgan Shortage Around The World2101 Words   |  9 PagesIn the 21st century, it is obvious to the world that there is an organ shortage around the world. Many thousands, hundreds of thousands of people are waiting for organs to save their lives. There are just not enough organs to be spread around to the people who urgently need them. The global response to this problem is very different throughout different countries. Some countries are harvesting organs, some executing prisoners, some paying people to donate, some allowing people to sell them on theRead MoreThe Shortage Of Donated Organs And The Issues With The Current Donation System2115 Words   |  9 Pageswaiting for an organ that could save their lives. While on the other side of the world, thousands of people die a year, but from infection when an organ is forcefully taken from them to sell on the black market. There are two sides of the organ donation list, and both can end in death. This paper will discuss the shortage of donated organs and the issues with the current donation system. It will also discuss the black market for  transplant  organs and possible solutions to viable organ shortage. The focusRead MoreOrgan Donation Shortage- Problem-Solution Essay2591 Words   |  11 PagesOrgan donation shortage Organ donation shortage When receiving a driver’s license in the United States, there is a section on the back in which it asks if the licensed driver would like to become an organ donor. Most people overlook this option. Nothing is really pushed forth for people wanting to become organ donors. Today in the U.S, thousands of people need organ transplants. Unfortunately, there is a growing shortage of donated organs. Many people die every year because there are not enoughRead MoreEssay on The Doctrine of Double Effect1307 Words   |  6 PagesDoctrine of Double Effect. After reading the article, respond to the questions listed below. 2. Define the Doctrine of Double Effect. 3. Provide a brief summary of Scanlons view on the doctrine. 4. Discuss the scenario of either the drug shortage or organ shortage found in the article. 5. What is the scenario? 6. How does this demonstrate the Doctrine of Double Effect? 7. Do you agree with the action taken? If not, what could have been done? 8. What was Scanlons view on the scenario? IntroductionRead More Tissue Engineering Essays2773 Words   |  12 PagesWith tissue engineering, familiar problems like the rejection of foreign tissue by the body, the severe shortage of organ donors, and the inefficiency of artificial devices may be solved. However, this cutting edge biotechnology has already spurred intense controversy over the ethics and morality of creating spare human body parts. The goal of tissue engineering is to grow tissues and neo-organs that can be used for transplants. Tissue engineers must first decide what type of cell they want to useRead MoreThe Human Organ Market1324 Words   |  6 PagesThe Human Organ Market Over the past decade the number of patients in need of an organ transplant has increased dramatically. The shortage of organs each year increases the number of patients on the waiting list and has deprived many people from a new life. There are over 100,000 Americans on the waiting list and overage 19 people did each day from the lack of an organ transplant (Abouna 1). Between the years 1988 to 2006, the number patients in need for a transplant has increased times six (AbounaRead MoreRecently, over 90,000 American men, women, and children are waiting for new kidneys. However, only600 Words   |  3 Pageswhile they are waiting for organ donators, we have to find a way to increase the supply of organs that could reduce waiting times and deaths. The most effective way will be to provide compensation for organ donators; in other words, we need to establish a market for organs. The first successful kidney transplant was done in Boston in 1954. Since then, the techniques were developed for immune system to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs. Although the number of organ transplants has grown rapidlyRead MoreOrgan Donation Of The United States937 Words   |  4 Pagesan organ transplant. There are waiting lists for adults and children needing an organ. It may be difficult for some people to decide what would be right, if donation is the correct answer. Some people are not well informed on organ donations. Family members might not want for their loved ones to donate their organs. Why should we donate? If we are born with our own body parts why would we want to destitute them? These questions are a matter of debate, some people want to donate their organs to help

Human Image And Body Image - 848 Words

Body Image Issues Directly Related to Bullying In the world we live in millions of young girls and boys are bullied for the color of their skin and the size and shape of their bodies. When children are put down their self esteem is often put on the line which can cause many issues within one s childhood (KidsHealth.org). It has become a cultural norm for adolescents to feel some sort of hate toward themselves and their own bodies because of what someone has said to them or something they read in a tabloid magazine about how a â€Å"beautiful† person should look like. Young people have lost their sense of confidence due to other people s opinions and it is causing immense amounts of mental and physical damage to them. The direct relation to bullying and body image have been studied many times and every time you can find some sort of connection. In November of 2015, the PR Newswire posted the results of their survey done on more than 1,100 boys and girls ranging from eight yea rs old to eighteen years old. Through their survey they found that sixty-nine percent of girls and fifty-eight percent of boys have had issues directly affecting the way they see themselves. The contributors were things such as â€Å"body image (25%), bullying (25%), and unrealistic images of men and women in the media (19%), as well as poor school performance (18%), poor relationships with peers (19%) or parents (16%), issues with their mental health (15%), drug and alcohol use (13%), among others.† ThisShow MoreRelatedBody Image : A Part Of Human Nature2188 Words   |  9 PagesHill TPSP, Period 3 27 October 2014 Body Image in American Society Body image is a part of human nature, and it leads people all around the world to be influenced by their culture and their surroundings. It reflects the way both men and women view themselves, both esthetically and internally. Negative body image can have psychological and physical effects on members of American society, consisting of inducing eating disorders, prompting low self-esteem, causing body dysmorphic disorder, and leadingRead MoreFashion Industry on Women ´s Body Image973 Words   |  4 PagesThe fashion industry plays a huge role in portraying bad images of ideal beauty, which in turn affects today’s society perception of their own body image. Not only are women affected by what is seen and heard about how the perfect body should appear, children of young ages are now feeling insecure and obsessed with their bodies before they reach teenage years. This ‘ideal image’ the fashion industry continues to enforce only focuses on very thin models who seem to be in shape and are very healthyRead MoreGod Is The Perfect Image Of God1108 Words   |  5 PagesWhen God created human beings, He created them in His image. Adam sinned and the image was corrupted. However, Jesus, who is the perfect image of God, will restore us to the original image of God. God is the Intelligent Designer and has displayed His intelligence in the microscopic world of cells and molecules. Humans display God’s glory and all the different types of cells and molecules display His glory as well. Just like humans, cells make mistakes. However, they will be perfected whenever weRead MoreThe Study Of Body Image1572 Words   |  7 PagesThe study of body image is a broad topic that touches many subjects including gender. However, the study of body image has been focused mainly on females. This is because the physical shape and image of male bodies have not changed over the history. From the ancient Greek until the modern era, the masculinity is the predominan t stereotype for men. Masculine traits include courage, independence and assertiveness (Judith, 2001; Murray, 2000). In contrast to the male body, the female figures have beenRead MoreHow Media Images Promote Body Dissatisfaction1364 Words   |  6 PagesMany people in modern culture have developed what has been termed a normative discontent with their bodies. Women are particularly vulnerable to this development of body dissatisfaction, which has been shown to create numerous negative heath issues. These health issues are a direct result from trying to achieve the unrealistic ideal image that media has created. This idea on how the body should look floods modern media and women are discriminated upon if they are unable to meet these strict physicalRead MoreMedias Influence on Body Image Essay example1550 Words   |  7 Pagesportraying the thin women as â€Å"ideal† .This research plans to look at the effects of media on the body image of women. This cumulates the finding s of empirical studies that observe the effects of media on body image. This study will also look at the different social comparison theories that relate media and body image. It will also investigate the different sources of media that have an impact on the body image of women. It also scopes to find out which sources have a greater consequence than the othersRead MoreDescribe The Concept Of The Body Image1183 Words   |  5 PagesDescribe the concept of the body image. In what ways does the body image change with experience? We not only form schemas about events in our lives and about attributes such as personality and intelligence, but we also form schemas about our bodies. Body image is an important aspect of self-concept because it forms a link between our sense of â€Å"self†, the internal world, and our sense of our existence in the external world. Over time, many of us experience changes to our bodies. Some of these are abruptRead MoreHow Do We Live On?961 Words   |  4 Pages but it is easily proven that people keep traditions, memories, and images of others. Our past is what shapes our perception therefore shapes our reality. It can be proven that people live on through others, by tradition, through memories, and through images. To confirm the conclusions made: Aristotle On the soul, Aristotle’s Allegory of the Cave, and Leonardo’s Mona Lisa will be referenced and discussed. The most basic human actions: talking, walking, smiling, and writing are traditions peopleRead MoreEssay On MRI1453 Words   |  6 PagesMRI can have an impact on the human body as the tissues in the body contain a large amount of hydrogen and the nucleus of the hydrogen has a positively charged proton which can behave like a magnet. MRI scan is used to produce a detailed image of the inside of the body. This is done using strong magnetic fields and radio waves. It is a heavy equipment which uses advanced technology and many computer systems. The nuclei is polarised using the magnetic fields provided by the electromagnets and a hugeRead MoreWhy Art often Symbolizes Death691 Words   |  3 PagesDeath has captured the mind very early on and since then it has driven us to create some of the most powerful images in the world. In this essay I am going to discuss why art often symbolizes death and some of the complex ways in which art represents death. In Jericho in 1950 Cecil Western, a British Archeologist discovered decorated skulls with a reconstructed nose and shells as eyes for a replacement. The skulls were discovered in walls of homes and they had been placed in specially made alcoves

Parachute Free Essays

Parachute after shower Hair Cream Introduction Parachute after shower hair cream for men, is a hair styling cream that can be used daily to style your hair. It has aqua moisturizers since it is made in an oil-in-water emulsion, it is completely non-sticky. Parachute after shower hair cream contains coconut milk proteins which keeps hair nourished. We will write a custom essay sample on Parachute or any similar topic only for you Order Now The need for males to look good has never been more important. More and more males in India are realizing the importance of â€Å"great looking hair† want a product that can be used to â€Å"style hair daily. † The reason why I use Parachute after shower?After shower hair cream was launched in Mumbai 2005. This hair cream was only meant for the younger generation who were looking for a product that would help them to â€Å"look the part† Everyday. The reason I use this product is it easily available in the market and It’s an Indian company this product is less expensive as compare to others. If any other product rather then this would be â€Å"Brylcreem†. BRAND AMBASSADOR To drive the brand the company had signed on Cricketer Yuvraj Singh, as there new Brand Ambassador who brings in a refreshing change. He is a complete fit with the brand because he is young, stylish, dashing, and flamboyant.Competitors Looking at the growth of the product many companies have come in with different products to match with this hair cream. They have even introduced many hair oil products as anti dandruff which can smoothen the hair and style also. This comparison with oil and gel had led into a competition in the market. Brylcreem: – Brylcreem’s purpose is to keep combed hair in place while giving it a shine or gloss. It is an emulsion of water and mineral oil stabilized with beeswax. Other ingredients are fragrance, calcium hydroxide, BHT, dimethyl oxazolidine, magnesium sulfate, and stearic acid.This was the first anti dandruff gel made for men’s. Men’s youth used this gel to style their hair and this gel would give them an entirely different look. Himalaya Herbal anti-dandruff hair cream: – The use of this cream can be used on wet hair. It can be used as massage to the hair also but only a small portion should be used. Use regularly before and after shampooing. Suitable for all hair types. Safe to use on artificially colored or permed hair. How to cite Parachute, Papers

Hurricane Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Hurricane Argumentative Essay Is This ‘Hurricane’ a Twist of Facts?Rubin Carter: Denzel WashingtonLesra: Vicellous Reon ShannonLisa: Deborah Kara UngerSam: Liev SchreiberTerry: John HannahDella Pesca: Dan Hedayaâ€Å"The Hurricane† is set in Patterson, New Jersey, the hometown of middleweight champion boxer, Rubin Carter. The film tells the triumphant story of Rubin Carter, played by Denzel Washington, who is framed for a triple murder. Rubin Carter loses 19 years of his life in prison because of racism and police corruption. The film starts with the ‘Hurricane’ contending in the boxing ring, and proceeds to flash between Carter’s childhood and his current misfortunes with Vincent Della Pesca, played by Dan Hedaya. This villainous cop essentially makes it his lifelong business to harm Carter. Although many of the scenes consist of Carter in prison, I feel that the climax of the movie is when the young boy, Lesra, played by Vicellous Reon Shannon, reluctantly goes to a used-book store. Lesra is headed there with one of his educators by the name of Sam, played by Liev Schreiber, because Lesra is required to pick out a book to read for his assignment. I feel this is the climax because soon after he purchases his first book, the relationship between Carter and Lesra begins. The picture on the cover is what first attracts Lesra to the book, but it is Carter’s passionate words that keep Lesra attached to it. The book holds so much mystery, emotion, and feeling that it makes the boy de termined to meet the ‘Hurricane,’ and support him in his fight for freedom. Before meeting the young boy, Carter touches the audience and gathers strength in the scene where he refuses to wear prison clothing, and eventually learns to separate himself mentally and emotionally from his surroundings. He teaches himself to ignore, and to forget the life outside the walls of his prison cell. In doing so, Carter tries to no longer â€Å"need† what he can not obtain, his freedom. It is that desire to be secluded from the outside world, that makes the relationship between him and Lesra so touching. The feeling in the letters passed between the two is so powerful that I couldn’t help but hold on to every word, constantly wondering what was going to happen next. The letters and meetings with Lesra, Lisa, Sam, and Terry start to concern the angry and pride filled Carter. Sam, Lisa, and Terry are the Canadians that are educating Lesra. Lesra first asks them to come and meet Rubin Carter with him, but they are touched by Carter’s testimony, and beco me determined to help set Carter free. It is when Carter says, â€Å"Do not write me. Do not visit me. Find it in your hearts to not weaken me with your love,† where I truly understand the only thing keeping Carter alive is separating his mind from his body. Denzel Washington’s performance as Rubin ‘Hurricane’ Carter is one of his best. His performance is passionate, moving, and very powerful. I found myself holding on to his every move, trying to analyze what he is saying is hopes of understanding how he feels. The importance of the character in a film has two meanings. â€Å"Someone who appears in a play† and â€Å"the intellectual, emotional, and moral qualities that add up to a personality.† When dramatic actors, like Denzel Washington speak, the purpose is to reveal themselves. Denzel does just that as Rubin Carter. Without the dialogue â€Å"The Hurricane† wouldn’t survive. Dialogue â€Å"is a form of action.† The dialogue between the characters in â€Å"The Hurricane† advances the plot and heightens the conflict. Word exchanged by Vincent Della Pesca and the Canadians is a good example of this. Della Pesca finds out the Canadians have been investigating the Carter case and he warns them that the case is none of their business, and if they knew any better then they would walk away. .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 , .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 .postImageUrl , .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 , .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09:hover , .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09:visited , .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09:active { border:0!important; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09:active , .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Compare And Contrast The Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution EssayDenzel Washington’s performance, especially in the second and third acts kept me absorbed in his actions. I wasn’t affected by the sadness of what ‘Hurricane’ Carter was experiencing, but instead I was touched by the goodness, self-control, and determination he displayed. I found myself blinking back tears at the fact that he lost 19 years of his life in prison

Hurricane Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Hurricane Argumentative Essay Is This ‘Hurricane’ a Twist of Facts?Rubin Carter: Denzel WashingtonLesra: Vicellous Reon ShannonLisa: Deborah Kara UngerSam: Liev SchreiberTerry: John HannahDella Pesca: Dan Hedayaâ€Å"The Hurricane† is set in Patterson, New Jersey, the hometown of middleweight champion boxer, Rubin Carter. The film tells the triumphant story of Rubin Carter, played by Denzel Washington, who is framed for a triple murder. Rubin Carter loses 19 years of his life in prison because of racism and police corruption. The film starts with the ‘Hurricane’ contending in the boxing ring, and proceeds to flash between Carter’s childhood and his current misfortunes with Vincent Della Pesca, played by Dan Hedaya. This villainous cop essentially makes it his lifelong business to harm Carter. Although many of the scenes consist of Carter in prison, I feel that the climax of the movie is when the young boy, Lesra, played by Vicellous Reon Shannon, reluctantly goes to a used-book store. Lesra is headed there with one of his educators by the name of Sam, played by Liev Schreiber, because Lesra is required to pick out a book to read for his assignment. I feel this is the climax because soon after he purchases his first book, the relationship between Carter and Lesra begins. The picture on the cover is what first attracts Lesra to the book, but it is Carter’s passionate words that keep Lesra attached to it. The book holds so much mystery, emotion, and feeling that it makes the boy de termined to meet the ‘Hurricane,’ and support him in his fight for freedom. Before meeting the young boy, Carter touches the audience and gathers strength in the scene where he refuses to wear prison clothing, and eventually learns to separate himself mentally and emotionally from his surroundings. He teaches himself to ignore, and to forget the life outside the walls of his prison cell. In doing so, Carter tries to no longer â€Å"need† what he can not obtain, his freedom. It is that desire to be secluded from the outside world, that makes the relationship between him and Lesra so touching. The feeling in the letters passed between the two is so powerful that I couldn’t help but hold on to every word, constantly wondering what was going to happen next. The letters and meetings with Lesra, Lisa, Sam, and Terry start to concern the angry and pride filled Carter. Sam, Lisa, and Terry are the Canadians that are educating Lesra. Lesra first asks them to come and meet Rubin Carter with him, but they are touched by Carter’s testimony, and beco me determined to help set Carter free. It is when Carter says, â€Å"Do not write me. Do not visit me. Find it in your hearts to not weaken me with your love,† where I truly understand the only thing keeping Carter alive is separating his mind from his body. Denzel Washington’s performance as Rubin ‘Hurricane’ Carter is one of his best. His performance is passionate, moving, and very powerful. I found myself holding on to his every move, trying to analyze what he is saying is hopes of understanding how he feels. The importance of the character in a film has two meanings. â€Å"Someone who appears in a play† and â€Å"the intellectual, emotional, and moral qualities that add up to a personality.† When dramatic actors, like Denzel Washington speak, the purpose is to reveal themselves. Denzel does just that as Rubin Carter. Without the dialogue â€Å"The Hurricane† wouldn’t survive. Dialogue â€Å"is a form of action.† The dialogue between the characters in â€Å"The Hurricane† advances the plot and heightens the conflict. Word exchanged by Vincent Della Pesca and the Canadians is a good example of this. Della Pesca finds out the Canadians have been investigating the Carter case and he warns them that the case is none of their business, and if they knew any better then they would walk away. .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 , .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 .postImageUrl , .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 , .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09:hover , .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09:visited , .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09:active { border:0!important; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09:active , .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09 .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf9b8c3a922f42dc553e96ede685bde09:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Compare And Contrast The Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution EssayDenzel Washington’s performance, especially in the second and third acts kept me absorbed in his actions. I wasn’t affected by the sadness of what ‘Hurricane’ Carter was experiencing, but instead I was touched by the goodness, self-control, and determination he displayed. I found myself blinking back tears at the fact that he lost 19 years of his life in prison

Rationale of Sport Policy and Ideologies Influencing it

The â€Å"Developing the European Dimension in Sport† has been identified as the first policy issued by the Commission with concentrating on Sport-related issues after the implementation of the â€Å"White Paper†, which gives the EU a mandate to support, coordinate and supplement sport policy measures taken by Member States (European Commission 2011a:2).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Rationale of Sport Policy and Ideologies Influencing it specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Communication comprises the societal role of sport, the economic dimension of sport, and the organization of sport in the EU region. The current paper is an attempt to analyze the rationale of the policy, political ideologies influencing it, its strengths and weaknesses, and contradictory issues. The rationale for the policy The main rationale of the policy is to solve the challenges posed by sports which cannot be addres sed by the member states at individual levels. Assumption Because there is lack of adequate, accurate, sound, and comparable information and data on sports for the EU member states, assumption on reliability on available data has been made (European Commission 2011: 15). Related Themes and the societal role of sport There has been a joint need to fight against doping which has been an important sports threat. In the recent past and even currently, there have been media reports on cases related to use of doping substances by amateurs athletes (European Commission 2011a:4). This poses severe public health hazards and hence the need to fight doping exercise or initiate preventive actions. In most cases, doping sanctions and doping prevention actions are withheld by the member states and the sports organizations. The new Commission supports the role played by the World Anti Doping Agency (WADA), the need to fight against doping, UNESCO, the Council of Europe, National Anti-Doping Organi zations (NADOs) and accredited laboratories (European Commission 2011a:4). The Commission is supporting the need by the EU member states to adopt and apply the national anti-doping action plans. Through Article 16 TFEU, the member states will be in a position to increase their competence and deal with the doping problems. One of the major attributes of the Commission is to encourage EU member states to introduce the provisions contained in the criminal law (European Commission 2011a:4) In addition, the Commission fully supports the formation of transnational anti-doping networks which focuses on preventive measures that target fitness, all sports, and amateur sports.Advertising Looking for coursework on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to European Commission (2011a:5), â€Å"spectator violence and disorder remain a Europe-wide phenomenon and there is a need for a European approach comprising measure s designed to reduce the associated risk.† The implication made is that there have been several incidences of spectator violence in Europe and through the policy, the capacity of fighting and preventing intolerance and sports violence will be stepped up. As a result, the adopted measures will assist in reducing the associated risks as well as providing the citizens with high levels of safety. To prevent other sports indiscipline behaviours, different stakeholders will collaborate with police services, public authorities, sports organizations, and judicial authorities and the supporters’ organizations. Based on a report by the EU Fundamental Rights Agency, intolerances like xenophobia and racism are major threats to the European sports even at the armature levels. Therefore, the new policy encourages different member states to meet these standards. The Commission supports the implementation of activities and mechanisms which would aim at fighting against issues like homo phobia, xenophobia, and racism among other intolerance issues in sports (Europa 2011). Health Although sport is a leisure activity, obesity and overweight cases remain high in Europe. As a result, there is need for physical activity which positively influences health of individual in the modern society and can be used with the aim reducing obesity and the overweight cases and related diseases. Basically, sports have been regarded as a major factor that improves the health welfare of people in the society (Europa 2011). The EU physical policy guidelines endorsed in 2008 by the EU sports minster, recommend on how the practices and the policies can be carried at EU, national and even at the local levels. This would promote sports to be part of physical activity and at the same time be a leisure activity. From a health perspective, physical activity and health are closely interrelated in such a way that the White Paper of 2007 considers them in the â€Å"Strategy for Europe in Nutritio n, Obesity and Overweight† and other health-related problem (European Commission 2011a:6). To show the correlation, several countries have been on the verge of implementing the aforementioned strategy to be part of their physical activity with the aim of improving health. The policy would ensure that the large gap in sports and physical activity is reduced with the physical activities being incorporated in different levels by different stakeholders. The Commission has supported transnational networks and projects carried with the aim of enhancing heath through physical activity like sports (Europa 2011).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Rationale of Sport Policy and Ideologies Influencing it specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social inclusion The potential derived from sports as a result of social inclusion and equal opportunities is not well or sufficiently implemented in EU and national levels, hence i ts need through the Communication. According to the UN Convention on the Human Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which EU and its member states are signatory, people with disabilities and living among ourselves have the right to fully or partially participate in sporting activities on equal basis (European Commission 2011a:6). The EU and the member states, therefore, have an obligation to ensure that the rights are not abused and are effectively implemented and operational. For a long time, women have been under-represented in some sports areas. However, in respect to the â€Å"Strategy for Equality between Women and Men 2010-2015, the Commission will encourage the mainstreaming of gender issues into sport-related activities† (European Commission 2011a:6). This will ensure gender parity in sports representation in the EU region and its member states. Europe is a multilingual society which is majorly necessitated by the increase in the number of immigrants in the region. Th rough sports, the host society and the immigrants can easily interact positively, thus furthering intercultural dialogue and integration at national and international levels. Subsequently, sports can be used to enhance social inclusion of social minorities as well as other disadvantaged or vulnerable groups, thus contributing to better understanding among different communities and ethnic groups (Europa 2011). The commission advocates for the inclusion of women in leadership options in sports. This could be achieved through the establishment of networks which promotes women access to participate in sports leadership. Also, through transnational projects, social integration of the disadvantaged groups and the vulnerable would enhance social inclusion. Economic development and regeneration Sports have been regarded as one of the largest and fast-growing sectors of the economy. As a result, the sector contributes largely in economic growth, creation of jobs, and employment, among other related economic activities. Statistics show that currently, 2% of the global GDP is part of the sports sector since sports are major part of tourism in Europe (European Commission 2011a:8). The Commission supports the full compliance with the European Union competition laws and the Internal Markets rules as well as protection of revenue sourcing avenues from the sports sector. Media rights should be sponsored with the idea that different states have different rules and media laws which have to be respected.Advertising Looking for coursework on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Given that sports have become one of the significant employment sustaining ventures in the world, EU funds could be used to develop projects and activities that sustain the sports structures and industry (Europa 2011). For example, activities like urban regeneration, employability, labor market integration, and rural development could be carried in solidarity among the member states. The Commission ensures that issues related to intellectual property in sports coverage are put into consideration while implementing the Digital Agenda Initiative (European Commission 2011). Political ideologies influencing the policy or issues The political ideology behind the adoption of the policy is to empower EU with the mandate of coordinating and regulating sports in Europe. According to de Coubertin (2008), there is need for cooperation among the member states in Europe. As a result, the EU member states would strengthen political cooperation on sports where resources will be shared equally amon g the member states. In addition, reinforcement of rolling agenda and common priorities in sports would be achieved. As noted in the Communication policy paper, there are some challenges facing sports in Europe which cannot be addressed and handled by the member states individually. For instance, issues related to doping which threatens moral and physical integrity of sportsmen and women, health-related issues because of low or limited physical activity, social exclusion of physically disadvantaged persons and untapped potential in sports, inadequate protection of IPRS (intellectual property rights), sports discriminations on the basis of nationality, lack of legal clarity on EU law application and lack of adequate information on EU member states (Europa 2011). From a political point of view, these challenges cannot be handled from a member state position hence the need for the formulation and the adoption of the policy which would address these challenges. Therefore, the identified issues can be addressed adequately at EU level since the issues are transnational (Europa 2011). There exists a discrepancy among EU member states, especially in the sports sector. As a result, the Commission has seen the need to adopt the Communication that will help achieve European added value â€Å"through the identification and dissemination of good practices and support networking† (Europa 2011). The EU will have the mandate of increasing the impact of the national action in the sports area. This would form a link that would connect different stakeholders in the sports sector and allow exchange of ideas among member states and other interested parties. In addition, the Communication will increase cooperation among sports stakeholders which was in non-existence (Europa 2011). As a result, disparities in sports among the member states will be partially if not fully addressed. Governance, especially in sports, is based on self-regulation and autonomy of sports organizatio ns (European Commission 2011a:10). Absence of a single model of governance across the EU sports and member states, the Commission sees the opportunity to have an autonomous inception of governance at the European level. Good governance and accountability in sports can be achieved upon the address of the identified challenges facing the EU member states. In other words, â€Å"good governance in sport is a condition for addressing challenges regarding sport and the EU legal framework† (European Commission 2011a:10). Implication on citizenship, rights, needs and the role of the state The state will have a limited role to play as the EU Commission will carry most of the activities on behalf of the member states. However, the member states will retain their full competence in sports and the EU law on sports will not act as a substitute to the role played by the member states (Europa 2011). In respect to TV rights, the Commission proposes adoption of regulations that would ensure f inancial solidarity and redistribution of TV rights among member states. This means that the state autonomy will be slated thus having less control over its TV rights financial gain. The new Communication will play majority of the roles on behalf of the member states. Issues related to citizenship, employment, justice, and home affairs will be largely dealt not at national but at EU level. This implies that the role played in-state will somehow be reduced. The available Treaty â€Å"prohibits discrimination based on nationality and enshrines the principle of free movement† (European Commission 2011a:11). The treaty preserves the issues of nationality in regard to sports and has reaffirmed free movement of a professional player, their rights, and movement of workers. Lastly, the policy advocates for the inclusion of women in leadership positions as a way of reducing the discrepancy that has been in existence. This has been aligned with the UN Convention on Rights of persons wi th disabilities who are also considered to have right in sports. Strengths and weaknesses of the policy One of the major strengths of the policy, is that efforts and resources from different EU member states have been pooled together to promote sports and leisure. For example, the Commission and the member states will develop and implement security safety requirements and arrangements for events at international levels. In addition, peer review projects and pan-European training projects for police offers will be enhanced, thus reducing spectator violence at international levels. The resources will also be used to fight against drugs and doping practices among the athletes’ amateurs. Through the Commission, it will aid examine the most appropriate method that can be used to reinforce measures that would be used against the long chain of doping substances, and if possible supported by the criminal law. Consultations were made on the member states of EU by the Commission while preparing the Communication (Europa 2011) thus getting consensus on what laws to implement and not (European Commission 2011). As a result, some topics such as inclusion of societal inclusion, health-enhancing physical activities, and good governance among others have been considered at the EU level. Through the Communication, different stakeholders and players such as all the member states public authorities, International Olympics Committees, Leagues, International Sports Federations, International And European Organizations, which include UNESCO, WADA, WHO, and Council of Europe will be brought together thus promoting sports (Europa 2011). Other players included are citizens in general, sports support staff, volunteers, and other education sport-related organizations, such as sporting goods, and media. The inclusion of these target groups will promote sports and leisure at national and EU levels. The monitoring and evaluation of the policy will incorporate different stakeholders. According to the report presented by the European Commission (2011:38), the Commission will continue having dialogue with expert practitioners and both private and public stakeholders. Others who will be consulted and engaged in the monitoring and evaluation process are the Committee on Regions and European Economic and Social Committee, the European Parliament, and the European Council. The Communication is planning to set adequate time frame that will be used by the different bodies to exchange views and receive feedback on any changes from sports representatives. The inclusivity of varying member groups and stakeholders will ensure full monitoring and evaluation of the Communication. Through social inclusion and equal opportunities, the Communication promotes the UN Convention on the Human Rights of Persons with Disabilities (the European Commission 2011). The policy aims at promoting physical and moral integrity of sportspeople among the EU member states. As a result, the Membe r states and the Commission will be able to join forces and fight against social behaviours such doping which is repugnant in athlete sports. As result policies and actions will enhance moral and physical integrity. Weaknesses One of the major weaknesses is the credibility and the reliability of the data and information collected and used in developing the policy. According to the European Commission (2011:15), there is scarcity of data and information on sport for the European member states which discredits the degree of soundness, accuracy, and comparability of the data. As a result, the Commission has been developing the policy based on assumptions. The Communication interferes with sports autonomy through some of the practices and policies it is planning to put into place. Given that the EU Commission will have the mandate to â€Å"carry out actions to support, coordinate or supplement the actions of the member states† (Cash 2011), the Member States will lack their exclus ive competence as the Union will provide all the coordination which will cause interference through the direction of the British sports policy (Cash 2011). The policy lacks solutions to some of identified issues like doping of substances and trade of doping substances through organized networks. The Commission has only proposed the likelihood of including reinforcing measures which could adopt the criminal law. The proposal by the Commission leaves a gap as it is not clear whether criminal sanctions would be adopted for doping in sports or what action actions would be taken on the same. Another issue that has been interfered by the Commission is in regard to sports media, media rights, and intellectual property rights. Notably, television rights have been the primary source of income in reference to professional sports like football (Europa 2011). Under the Commission provisions, it has been suggested that â€Å"the commercial exploitation of professional sport should be accompanie d by strong redistribution and solidarity mechanisms† (Cash 2011) which would be achieved through the proposed collective media rights which will lead to financial solidarity and redistribution within sports in the region (Cash 2011). In addition, the Commission plans to strengthen mechanisms which will strengthen financial solidarity through collective selling of media rights. It is of essence to note that issues like selling of media rights or TV rights remain to be domestic issues which should not be interfered by the EU instead, the Premier League is entitled the obligation to decide on the procedure to use while selling its TV rights in the UK. Contradictory elements The application of the EU laws to sport, Competition provision, and Internal Market has raised concerns from the stakeholders (Europa 2011). According to the sports stakeholders, the certainty of the European law on sports is not clear especially in regard to the treaty provisions on issues like amateur sport s, value-added tax, and free movement of workers, state aid, and antitrust laws. Generally, treaties prohibit discrimination as a result of nationality and advocates for free movement of workers. In the past, the European Court of Justice has had given rulings on issues related to players date transfer, recruitment and the compensation of players, and the composition of the national teams among other sports-related issues (European Commission 2011a:14). Accordingly, the free movement laws are not applied on professional players as this is covered under the TFEU. This contradicts the functionality of Treaties which allows free movement of all workers, which is inclusive of professional players. In addition, there are reports that issues related to the access to sports competitions and activities in some EU member states hence need for clarity. Again, this contradicts the EU laws on sports as the new policy has the mandate to coordinate, support and supplement actions of member states where issues like restrictions to access to sports competition have not been addressed. According to the European Commission (2011a:11), rules concerned with direct discrimination have been found to be not compatible to the EU law. This raises a contradictory issue as the Commission has not identified solution or how the EU law can include or solve the issue of direct discrimination on professional sport. Reference List Cash, B 2011, Brussels set to interfere on sports autonomy. Web. de Coubertin P 2008, Appendix: The Pierre de Coubertin Action Plan. Web. Europa 2011, Commission staff working document impact assessment  accompanying document to the communication from the commission to the  European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee  and the committee of the regions developing the European Dimension in Sport  {COM(2011) 12 final} {SEC(2011) 66 final} {SEC(2011) 68 final}/* SEC/2011/0067final */. Web. European Commission 2011, Communication f rom the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions: Developing the European dimension in sport, European Commission. Web. European Commission 2011a, Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions: Developing the European dimension in sport, European Commission. Web. This coursework on Rationale of Sport Policy and Ideologies Influencing it was written and submitted by user Jamal Shepherd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Public Health and Page Ref Essays

Public Health and Page Ref Essays Public Health and Page Ref Paper Public Health and Page Ref Paper Access to Health, 13e (Donatelle) Chapter 1 Accessing Your Health 1) Which of the following individual choices has a major effect on both current health and projected life expectancy? A) Genetic tendency toward obesity. B) Pollution C) Level of education D) Smoking Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3 Skill: Analyzing 2) The medical model of health would most likely focus on which of the following? A) Controlling air and water pollution B) Lifestyle interventions to prevent chronic diseases C) Treating bacterial infections with antibiotics D) Serving marginalized populations Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Understanding 3) The number of years a person is anticipated to live based on conditions at the time of birth is A) life expectancy. B) population control. C) mortality. D) morbidity. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Understanding 4) Which of the following were cited by college students in a national survey as major impediments to performing well academically? A) Pressure from parents and family members B) Stress, anxiety, and sleep difficulties C) Repeated strep infections D) Carrying a too-heavy course load Answer: B Diff: 1 Page Ref: 3 Skill: Understanding/Analyzing 1 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5) What is the leading cause of death in the United States across all age groups? A) Heart disease B) Cancer C) Cerebrovascular disease D) Unintentional injuries Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Understanding 6) Which of the following describes the rate of deaths within a certain population? A) Prevalence B) Life expectancy C) Mortality D) Morbidity Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Understanding 7) Heart disease, cancer, and diabetes are examples of A) chronic disease. B) hereditary disease. C) communicable disease. D) acute disease. Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Remembering 8) SINCE THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY, THE LIFE EXPECTANCY OF AMERICANS HAS A) increased by more than 10 years. B) increased by more than 20 years. C) increased by more than 30 years. D) increased by more than 40 years. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Understanding 9) Healthy life expectancy refers to the number of years a person can expect to live A) while covered by Medicare. B) without chronic pain, disability, or significant illness. C) without pain or short-term or long-term disability. D) without cancer or diabetes. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Remembering 2 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10) Life expectancy 100 years ago was largely determined by A) medical history. B) lifestyle choices. C) susceptibility to chronic disease. D) susceptibility to infectious disease. Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Understanding/Evaluating 11) The term health is often interchangeable with the term A) adaptability. B) flexibility. C) wellness. D) pain-free. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Remembering 12) Jerome eats healthy foods, exercises regularly, gets eight hours of sleep each night, and rarely becomes ill. His ability to ward off illness is related to which dimension of health? A) Social B) Intellectual C) Physical D) Emotional Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Applying 13) Jasmine has many friends, is respected by her coworkers, and maintains a great relationship with her boyfriend. Her ability to interact with others exemplifies which dimension of health? A) Social B) Intellectual C) Emotional D) Physical Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Applying 14) Rashid volunteers weekly to help pick up trash in his neighborhood. This action contributes to improving which dimension of his health? A) Intellectual. B) Social C) Environmental D) Spiritual Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Applying 3 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 15) Which of the following best describes emotional health? A) Ability to be self-sufficient B) Ability to solve problems C) Ability to express or control feelings D) Ability to adapt to various social situations Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 16) An example of intellectual health is A) having a sense of meaning and purpose in your life. B) successfully interacting with others. C) having low self-efficacy. D) having a healthy curiosity about life in general. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 17) Which of the following best describes spiritual health? A) Possessing and expressing a purpose in life B) Expressing emotions C) Having satisfying relationships D) Being able to reason and think objectively Answer: A Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 18) A multidimensional concept of health that includes elements of physical, mental, emotional, and social function is A) physical and emotional health. B) holistic health care. C) health-related quality of life. D) healthy life expectancy. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Understanding. 19) The first step in modifying your health behavior to achieve overall wellness is to A) review your medical records and schedule a physical examination by a doctor. B) become aware of individual behaviors that contribute to or detract from your health. C) complete a detailed behavior change contract. D) find a reliable support person or support group. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Understanding 4 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 20) Holistic wellness involves A) integrating mind, body, and spiritual components. B) taking nutritional supplements daily. C) combining exercise with some form of meditation. D) consuming organic foods and being treated by a naturopathic doctor. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Applying 21) The range of factors that influence a persons health status are known as A) ethnic or cultural traditions. B) determinants of health. C) age-related conditions. D) genetic influences on health. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 22) Determinants of health include A) personal, social, economic, and environmental factors. B) physical, intellectual, spiritual, and cultural factors. C) nutritional, social, financial, and environmental factors. D) genetic and lifestyle factors. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 23) Which of the following methods is an example of successful lifestyle change? A) Making a New Years resolution to stop smoking again after failing in the past B) Creating a demanding workout plan in hopes of someday losing weight C) Beginning a daily walking program and gradually increasing your time and distance D) Stopping smoking cold turkey Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Applying 24) Jackson made a goal to quit smoking by the end of the year through a lot of hard work and willpower. When he achieved this goal, he bought himself a new car. This is an example of A) repeated enabling. B) social reinforcement. C) positive reinforcement. D) negative reinforcement. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Understanding/Applying 5 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 25) Moving from thinking about starting an exercise program to joining a club, working with a trainer to set goals, and showing up for workouts is an example of which model of behavior change? A) Health belief model B) Social cognitive model C) Transtheoretical model D) Contemplation model Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Understanding 26) Tasks that are necessary for normal functioning in society are known as A) activities of daily living. B) high-level tasks. C) low-level tasks. D) vocational activities. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 Skill: Remembering 27) Mark is a junior in college and plans to move to his own apartment before his senior year. He hopes to quit drinking, get more sleep, and spend more time exercising and studying instead of spending so much of his free time on Facebook. The best plan for Mark to succeed is for him to A) make a chart with an algorithm for coordinating all the changes. B) try to change all of his bad behaviors at once. C) select the most important behavior to change and take things one step at a time. D) worry about changing behaviors later because hell have plenty of time to change after he finishes college. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17-18 Skill: Applying 28) Which of the following factors would be considered a nonmodifiable determinant of health? A) Sexual behavior B) Sleep habits C) Geographic location D) Genetics Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Understanding 6 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 29) Which of the following is an example of a belief? A) Disliking the smell of cigarette smoke B) Thinking that smoking is unhealthy and causes cancer C) Being happy no one is smoking near you D) Understanding that smoking has become more prevalent among teenagers Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14 Skill: Understanding 30) Marissa has tried to quit smoking several times but ultimately failed because she lost motivation and didnt believe she could succeed. Which of the following may have contributed to her failure? A) She has a strong internal locus of control. B) She has high self-efficacy. C) She has a strong external locus of control. D) She has a strong, positive support group. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19-20 Skill: Analyzing 31) Because both of Johns parents smoke, John has a higher-than-average chance of being a smoker. This is an example of A) a reinforcing factor. B) a predisposing factor. C) a confirming factor. D) an enabling factor. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 17 Skill: Understanding 32) Which of the following best describes an enabling factor? A) Living near a hiking trail when you want to begin a walking program B) Nagging your parents because they smoke C) Encouraging your spouse to go to the fitness club with you. D) Having friends who dont exercise, but you want to start a fitness program Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 17 Skill: Understanding 33) Poor housing, lack of funds for adequate food and clothes, and insecure employment are which type of factors that negatively affect human health? A) Biological B) Economic C) Behavioral D) Genetic Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Understanding 7 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 34) Carrie grew up in an active family. Now that Carrie lives on her own, her family continues to check in to see if she is making time for exercise. They praise her for joining a fitness club and  keeping to a workout schedule. This is an example of A) a predisposing factor. B) a confirming factor. C) a reinforcing factor. D) an enabling factor. Answer: C Diff: 3 Page Ref: 17 Skill: Applying 35) Which model explains why a young woman who smokes is NOT likely to quit because she does not think she will get lung disease, and quitting will result in weight gain? A) Health belief model B) Social cognitive model C) Transtheoretical model D) Behavior change model Answer: A Diff: 3 Page Ref: 14 Skill: Applying 36) Marias husband has agreed to join her in an exercise program. Theyve scheduled times to meet to run at a local park. This is an example of A) reward. B) social support. C) enabling. D) readiness. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20-21 Skill: Applying 37) Agents in the physical environment that can be harmful to health include which of the following? A) Minerals B) Toxins C) Water D) Nutrients Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Understanding 8 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 38) Which of the following groups of actions would most likely reduce a persons risk of premature death? A) Not smoking, avoiding junk foods, and maintaining a healthy weight. B) Wearing a seat belt only when driving on the freeway and avoiding second-hand smoke C) Using natural dietary supplements, working the night shift, and spending frugally D) Avoiding excessive sun exposure and seeing at least two specialists each year Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Analyzing 39) Setting achievable and incremental goals and rewarding yourself for progress are proven tips for maintaining A) ongoing support from others. B) motivation for behavior change. C) an outstanding academic record. D) a lower body-mass index. Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 19. Skill: Understanding 40) Selective smoking bans and child restraint laws designed to protect the health of citizens are examples of A) publicity campaigns. B) public policies. C) profiling. D) public health research. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Understanding/Applying 41) The perceived source or cause (internal or external) of events in a persons life is known as his or her A) locus of control. B) ability to reason. C) stages of behavior change. D) sense of victimization. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20 Skill: Understanding 9 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 42) Jules is trying to lose weight. When she craves a high-fat treat from the local ice cream shop, she is prepared to allow herself a cup of low-fat frozen yogurt in her favorite flavor. The tactic she is using to avoid eating more calories is A) rewarding. B) manipulating. C) negotiating. D) countering. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22 Skill: Applying 43) An example of shaping is A) starting with small changes in behavior and gradually increasing the changes. B) using specific exercises to mold your body to a desired image. C) trying to influence your younger brothers behavior with rewards. D) watching a friends behavior and then trying to mimic him or her. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20 Skill: Applying 44) Using rational, positive statements and deliberately blocking negative thoughts are ways to avoid negative A) influences. B) actions. C) self-talk. D) awareness. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22 Skill: Applying 45) Visualizing yourself successfully losing 15 pounds by choosing healthy foods at your favorite restaurant is an example of A) situational inducement. B) planned control. C) imagined rehearsal. D) modeling. Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 21 Skill: Understanding/Applying. 10 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 46) Rewarding yourself for reaching your weight loss goal with a trip to Hawaii is an example of which type of reinforcer? A) Activity B) Possessional C) Manipulative D) Social Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Understanding/Applying 47) Observing a friends success at quitting smoking has helped you to quit a few months later, which demonstrates the process of A) copying. B) shaping. C) mirroring. D) modeling. Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 21 Skill: Applying 48) Carlos wants to avoid overeating and eating unhealthy food. Because of this, he may decline  invitations when his friends ask him to join them at a fast food restaurant. Which method is Carlos using to control the risk of overeating? A) Modeling B) Imagined rehearsal C) Consumable reinforcer D) Situational inducement Answer: D Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22 Skill: Applying 49) Which of the following is the best example of a realistic, specific, and attainable goal? A) I will lose a lot of weight. B) I will lose 1 pound a week over the next four weeks. C) I will lose 10 pounds if I start exercising. D) I will lose 10 pounds if I start exercising and stop eating after 8:00 p. m. Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20 Skill: Understanding/Applying 11 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 50) Lower health insurance rates for nonsmokers serves as which type of reinforcer? A) Possessional B) Manipulative C) Social D) Activity Answer: B Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Understanding/Evaluating 51) Behavior is a nonmodifiable determinant. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Remembering 52) Health disparities are differences in the levels of health and disease among specific population groups, such as the low-income or uninsured. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 14-15 Skill: Understanding. 53) More people across all age groups die from cancer than any other chronic disease. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Understanding 54) Daily choices influence an individuals health status and well-being. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 3 Skill: Understanding 55) The medical model of health focuses on the individuals reaction to his or her social and physical environment. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6 Skill: Understanding 56) In the early 1900s, the ecological model or public health model became a major focus of health investigation. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6-7. Skill: Remembering 57) Effectively controlling anger demonstrates intellectual health. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Applying 12 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 58) The primary goal of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 is to provide access to health insurance for millions of uninsured Americans. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 Skill: Understanding 59) Today, quality of life is recognized as being as important as years of life. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Understanding 60) ACCORDING TO MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY STATISTICS, IN THE 21ST CENTURY, A PERSON IS MORE LIKELY TO  die from an infectious disease rather than from a chronic disease. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Understanding 61) Tran is a 47-year-old-male who suffered a knee injury in high school while playing football. This injury is a biological determinant of health. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 10 Skill: Understanding 62) The average life expectancy for an American child born in 2012 is 78. 5 years. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Remembering 63) Obesity creates a burden on the overall U. S. economy. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Understanding. 64) Mortality is defined as the proportion of deaths to the population. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 4 Skill: Remembering 65) Under the Affordable Care Act, new health plans are banned from imposing deductibles. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 13 Skill: Understanding 13 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 66) Life expectancy may decline in coming years due to the prevalence of obesity and sedentary lifestyles. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5 Skill: Understanding 67) Today, the concept of adaptability is a key element in the overall definition of health. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 7-8. Skill: Understanding 68) Believing that you will be able to run two mile miles without stopping by the end of the semester demonstrates self-efficacy. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 19 Skill: Applying 69) A person who has the attitude, knowledge, skills, and resources to make change possible possesses ambition. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 19 Skill: Understanding 70) Learning communication and relationship skills can enhance the social dimension of health. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8-9 Skill: Applying 71) Having high self-esteem always improves the intellectual dimension of health. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 72) Losing your temper because someone said something that made you angry demonstrates an external locus of control. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 20 Skill: Applying 73) Developing better problem-solving and decision-making skills enhances the emotional dimension of health. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 14 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 74) Positive reinforcers are punishments for not accomplishing goals. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Understanding. 75) Actions taken or changes in behavior designed to treat an existing illness are part of disease prevention. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 Skill: Understanding 76) Spiritual health encompasses more than simply religious beliefs. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 77) Attaining the optimal level of well-being for your unique limitations and strengths is known as wellness. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 78) Adolescent teens having access to cigarette vending machines is an example of a positive reinforcing factor that can influence smoking behavior. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Applying 79) Healthy People 2020 is the Surgeon Generals health promotion plan to improve the quality of life and years of life for all Americans. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 9 Skill: Understanding 80) Global warming, decreased water supplies, and toxic chemicals are serious health threats with far-reaching effects worldwide. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 11 Skill: Understanding 81) Risk behaviors are those actions that increase the likelihood of negative health outcomes. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 7 Skill: Understanding 15. Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 82) The Summary Plan Description (SPD) explains covered services, benefits, deductibles, copays, and network rules under a specific health insurance plan. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12 Skill: Understanding 83) A reinforcing factor of your weight management program would be having your clothes fit better. Answer: TRUE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Applying 84) Locus of control may be internal or external. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19-20 Skill: Understanding 85) Asking your doctor to help you obtain the lowest-cost care is inappropriate. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 12 Skill: Applying 86) A consumable reinforcer could be a healthy edible item that you enjoy. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 23 Skill: Understanding 87) The three components of the social cognitive model of behavior change are thoughts, behavior, and genetics. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15 Skill: Understanding 88) When a person who wants to eat healthier and lose weight clears out unhealthy foods from the refrigerator and pantry, this is an example of situational inducement. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22 Skill: Understanding 89) Economic status and geographic location have very little influence on a persons health status. Answer: FALSE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 15 Skill: Understanding 16 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 90) Obesity, sedentary lifestyles, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and illegal drug use result in direct and indirect costs to society. Answer: TRUE Diff: 2 Page Ref: 5-6 Skill: Evaluating 91) List and briefly explain the six steps of the transtheoretical (stages of change) model of behavior change. Answer: 1. Precontemplation no current intention to change. 2. Contemplation recognizing there is a problem but not yet planning to change. 3. Preparation coming up with a plan for change. 4. Action taking real steps to achieve goals. 5. Maintenance continues to make changes a permanent part of life. 6. Termination new behavior has become part of daily living, so ongoing vigilance may not be needed. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Understanding/Applying 92) Explain the purpose of a behavior change contract and how it can help you make a positive change. Answer: A behavior change contract functions as a promise to yourself, a public declaration of  your intentions, an organized plan for change, a way to identify barriers to change and determine how to overcome them, a list of sources of support, and a reminder of the benefits of sticking to your plan. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 21 Skill: Understanding/Applying 93) Compare and contrast the medical model and public health models of health. Answer: The medical model focuses on the individual, his or her tissues and organs, and the diagnosis and treatment of disease. The public health model (also known as the ecological model) views diseases and negative health events as resulting from an individual interacting with  his or her social and physical environment. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 6-7 Skill: Analyzing 94) Explain the nature of SMART goals. Answer: SMART goals are: Specific with a defined outcome Measurable can be objectively observed and measured Action-oriented involve specific tasks or actions Realistic are likely to be accomplished Time-oriented involve the commitment of a specific amount of time Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20 Skill: Remembering 17 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 95) When analyzing your behavior prior to making a change, which factors must you examine before making your plan? Answer: You should examine your current health habit and patterns, including: How long has the behavior been going on? How frequently does the behavior occur? How serious are the short-term and long-term consequences of this behavior? Why have you continued this problematic behavior? What kinds of situations trigger the behavior? Are other people involved? If yes, how do they influence your behavior? Diff: 2 Page Ref: 16 Skill: Understanding/Applying 96) What is self-efficacy, and why is it important in making a behavior change? Answer: Self-efficacy is an individuals belief that he or she is capable of performing a task  successfully and of achieving specific goals. If an individual approaches a behavior change with a high level of self-efficacy, his or her chances of success will be much greater. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 19 Skill: Understanding/Applying 97) Differentiate between the health belief model, social cognitive model, and transtheoretical (stages of change) model of behavior change. Answer: 1. The health belief model addresses three factors that must exist before a person can make a change: the perceived seriousness of the potential health problem; the perceived susceptibility to  the problem, and cues to action, alerts or reminders to take preventive action. 2. The social cognitive model is based on the concept that three elements interact to motivate and enable change: a persons thoughts, behaviors, and the social environment. 3. The transtheoretical model views change in six stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 14-16 Skill: Analyzing 98) You want to improve your health by initiating an exercise program. Describe at least three ways you can maintain your motivation for regular exercise. Answer: Any three of the following: Pick one specific behavior to change and assess that behavior. Set achievable, incremental goals. Reward yourself for achieving goals. Anticipate and avoid barriers and temptations. Remind yourself why you want to change. Enlist help and support from others. Dont be discouraged by relapses, just get back on track. Diff: 3 Page Ref: 19 Skill: Applying 18 Copyright  © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 99) List at least three common barriers to behavior change. Answer: Any three of the following: Setting overambitious goals Holding on to self-defeating beliefs and attitudes. Not accurately assessing your current state of wellness or fitness Not having adequate support or guidance Allowing negative emotions to sabotage your efforts Diff: 2 Page Ref: 20 Skill: Understanding 100) Define self-talk and explain how you can use it to help your efforts toward change. Answer: Self-talk is your usual manner of thinking and talking to yourself (the voice in your head) that can affect your self-image and behavior. Deliberately changing your self-talk can have a big influence on behavior change by: Using rational, positive statements Blocking or stopping negative thoughts when they occur  Not dwelling on negative thoughts or images and focusing on more positive, uplifting, and encouraging thoughts Diff: 2 Page Ref: 22-23 Skill: Understanding/Applying 19 Copyright  ©Ã‚   2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Paintings of Vincent Van Goh and Paul Cezanne Essay

Paintings of Vincent Van Goh and Paul Cezanne - Essay Example The essay "Paintings of Vincent Van Goh and Paul Cezanne" analyzes Vincent Van Goh and Paul Cezanne and their individual works â€Å"The Rocks† and â€Å"The Ravine†. . What can be demonstrated through art, as well as what this paper will show, is that to fully enjoy and understand art, the key idea to keep in mind is that understanding and interpretation comes through finding and knowing what it is that draws you to the masterpiece and how you got there in the first place. Just as with the case of history books, the paintings by the great artists of the time serve as a historical record of the goings on of the time. Often times painters chose to express the world around them the only way they may have known how, and that was through some for artistic expression. Little bits of color, as they are arranged throughout the canvas, find themselves forming together to create images of life, love and the wonder, as well as the amazement that can come with it. They serve as a portal to the imagination as no other artistic creation can. Many people travel to museums such as the Louvre in Paris to experience the greatness that hangs along its walls. To stare into the eyes of the portraits of subjects, or to witness the grander and vastness of the great seascapes and landscapes which provide for a sense of freedom from that which may be otherwise hindering creative thought. With that being said, the works in this analysis pay tribute to the notion that, with creative expression, can come insight.

Analysis and Importance of Peter Voulkos' Work in Ceramics Research Paper

Analysis and Importance of Peter Voulkos' Work in Ceramics - Research Paper Example This discussion will also include an analysis of some of this artists’ work. Biography Peter Voulkos is a well-known ceramic artist who in the 1960s was honored as the leading ceramic artist in California. He is acknowledged for raising ceramics to a higher rank of pensiveness and articulation of a person’s ideas. Peter Voulkos was born by his Greek immigrant parents in the year 1924. He went to school in Montana State University, where he studied painting and ceramics. He also won himself a masters of fine arts degree in California College of the Arts. Production of dinnerware was the first activity he undertook in his ceramics career. He later pioneered a department of art ceramics in Otis College of Art and Design and University of California, Berkeley. In the latter university, he worked until the year 1985 from 1959. His work was influenced by abstract expressionism whereby they renovated traditional ceramics to large scale and non-traditional ceramics (Carasso 56) . Peter Voulkos began his ceramics work in his senior year in the year 1949 at Montana State College. Despite being a ceramic artist, Voulkos also used other materials in his sculptures. He used bronze, and in other cases, he painted his works. Some of the pieces of art he made using bronze casting are Missoula and Bucci. In his later years, Voulkos was initiated into the use of wood-fired to make his sculptures. His work is found in quite a number of museums all around the world such as Museum of Modern Art, found in New York, Kyoto National Museum of Modern Art, found in Japan, Victoria and Albert Museum, in London, and The National Gallery, in Melbourne, Australia among other museums. Voulkos normally did his work in the presence of an audience. This was to help the audience, which was inclusive of other artists, to understand the techniques he used in his work. His work many times comprised of a plate, ice buckets, and stacks with wood firings. Normally, this ceramic artist dest royed other smaller pieces of art then made a new one of a larger scale. Peter Voulkos passed on in the year 2002 due to a heart attack after leading a ceramics workshop at a college in Ohio, Bowling Green State University (Carasso 57). Significance of Peter Voulkos ceramic work Peter Voulkos has been of great importance to the field of ceramics. To begin with, he facilitated the movement of abstract expressionism. This as stated above entailed the transformation of traditional ceramics to non-traditional ceramics. He amongst other artists made use of this movement in their artwork. This enhanced the way in which they expressed themselves. Peter Voulkos made the transition easy by elevating the conservative ceramics above the accepted limits. This formed a platform for abstract expressionism. Through this mode of expression, he managed to be the leading sculptor in the 1960s and created an avenue for California to be a centre for moulding using clay. This show the role he played in improving the use of clay in ceramics. It also illustrates his role in the facilitation of abstract expressionism, which faced challenges then, but currently is being used by many artists. Voulkos also loved working with an audience. This is of great importance since it created a channel through which he could educate his students on how he created his pieces. It also created an avenue for other artists to learn relevant techniques that could assist them in their work. As a result of this,

Historical Prospect of Advertising Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Historical Prospect of Advertising - Coursework Example Nowadays, every person who watches television watches commercials since the whole television medium is based upon advertising As compared to the past, in around 1950s, where very few people could afford television sets in their homes, commercials were very few and short in the television industry. These commercials have vividly changed over time. For instance, when looking at today’s food advertisements, for example, the Cadbury’s chocolate advertisement, which has been common in televisions over the years, many differences are seen as the year's progress. What are some rhetorical differences between the historical food advertisement for Cadbury’s chocolate and the present day advertisement of it?The present day advertisement for Cadbury’s chocolate is common on television channels internationally and it lasts for about one minute and thirty seconds.   I first came across it on Facebook where some of my friends were expressing their love for the commerci al and there was a video of it, which I watched.   It is an interesting commercial that is eye captivating and nobody would want to miss it.Advertisements for Cadbury’s chocolate have had very many versions over the years. There was one in the late1990s on television that I had always loved and it is very different from the present day one.The present day advertisement for Cadbury’s chocolate that started showing in Canada in 2007, which is still showing internationally to-date, shows a gorilla sitting behind drums listening with deep emotions to some background song singing about feeling something in the air that is coming. The gorilla has his head lifted in the air and inhales deeply while closing his eyes as if he is passionately longing for something. He is overwhelmed and deep in thought as the song in the background continues. Suddenly the gorilla stretches his neck and is filled with a musical outburst as he plays the drums in rhythm with the background music and then the advertisement ends showing a wrapped bar of Cadbury’s chocolate with two glasses of milk being poured into the bar. The words â€Å"A glass and a half full of joy† are written beneath it.

Gaining And Maintaining Airworthiness Engineering Essay

Gaining And Maintaining Airworthiness Engineering Essay Aircraft design process involved in varied disciplines such as aerodynamics, structures, flight mechanics etc. Therefore, for an aircraft to become operational it is essential to demonstrate that the construction and design of the aircraft can comply with the requirements applicable and such verification and validation evidence required to be delegated to the relevant authorities. This report introduces Airworthiness and provides the reader the framework involved in gaining airworthiness and how to maintain it subsequently. Introduction Consideration of airworthiness policies has its origins since the early days of military flying. But aircraft design data has been recorded prior to 1910 for balloons and the Royal Aircraft Factory has produced a design requirement document in 1916. The Aerial Navigation Act that is sanction by the Home Office in 1911 to ban flying in populated areas is an early example of safety regulation. Airworthiness Department has been established decade later by the Royal Aircraft Factory (as part of the Air Ministry), which is the beginning of procedures for company design approvals and approved data. Aircraft airworthiness means compliance with applicable aviation authorities regulations that defines the minimum safety level of the aircraft, of the passengers transported and the over flown territories. When designed and built according to applicable requirements, When operated within its intended environment and within its quantified and declared limitations, And maintained in accordance with procedures acceptable to the responsible Authority. The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) Regulation 216/2008, Article 5, 2(c) defines the airworthiness as; Each aircraft shall be issued with an individual certificate of airworthiness when it is shown that it conforms to the type design approved in its type-certificate and that relevant documentation, inspections and tests demonstrate the aircraft is in condition for safe operation The Airworthiness is a collective responsibility of operators, authorities, manufactures and maintenance organisations. An airworthy aircraft is one where the likelihood of any incident or accident as a result of malfunction, performance or handling of the aircraft is kept to acceptable levels. The only real measure of airworthiness in use is given by tracking and analyzing incidents and accidents. The remaining sections will discuss the essence of Gaining and Maintaining Airworthiness. Figure 01: Airworthiness Collective Responsibilities Implementation of Airworthiness Authority (EASA) confidence that the design of a product complies with the applicable requirements based on Certification of the organisation (IR 21 DOA) Certification of the design of products (CS 25 TC) DO Approval According to European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), Design Organisation Approval (DOA) requirements Implementing Rule (IR) part 21 (published as annex to European Commission Regulation (EC) No 1702/2003) includes procedural requirements applicable either to the industry (Section A) or to the Competent Authorities (Section B) but Part 21 does not include provisions to delegate EASA authority and / or signature to individuals. Certification of aircraft and related products, parts and appliances, and of design and production organisations Organisations must demonstrate following key elements in order to obtain DO Approval. Design Assurance System Handbook Right People Terms of Approval Obligations of the holder Figure 02 DOA Key Elements Design Organisation Approval (DOA) Organisation Structure Following diagram illustrates a simplified organisation structure demonstrating the essential elements in an aircraft design and manufacturing organisation. Figure 03: Design Organisation Structure Chief Executive Officer (CEO): Responsible for appropriate functioning of the work place by ensuring availability of required resources. Designated Certification Specialist (DCS): Airworthiness specialist nominated for a given discipline (ATA or Sub-ATA level or for Approved Manuals) to carry out the certification tasks, in particular to manage the compliance demonstration activities for their domain. Part of the airworthiness function and act under the control of Product Integrity. Certification Manager (CM) Certification panel leaders for their area of competence, Participate in the development of new certification strategies The CM is the interface with Aviation Authorities at panel level for primary TC, foreign certification / validation activities and for allocated major changes. Chief Airworthiness Engineer (CAE) Responsible for leading and coordinating the certification and airworthiness activities for the programme. Supported by a team usually called the CAE team composed of: A Type Certification Manger (TCM) An Individual Aircraft Certification Manager (IACM) A Continued Airworthiness Manager (CAM) Type Certification Type certification is the process demonstrating that the design of an aircraft complies with the applicable aviation requirements. Certification process could be a new type certificate new aircraft (ex. Airbus A380), Amended Type certification model or derivative (ex: Airbus A350 1000) and significant major changes to the type design (ex. A330-200 Passenger to Freighter) To grant and EASA Type Certificate, aircraft manufacture shall obtain first a DOA (Design Organisation Approval) covering the relevant product (aircraft type) and also shall demonstrate its capability to design, certify and ensure the continued airworthiness of its products in accordance with the certification specification (CS-25) and Environmental protection (CS-34, CS-36) requirements. To manufacture and release to service series aircraft, manufacture must then obtain a POA (Production Organisation Approval) and establish relationship between DOA POA. Flight Test Flight testing process could be potentially very risky and extremely expensive due to unforeseen problem s result in loss of life (both crew and people on the ground) and damage to the aircraft. Due to this reasons modern flight testing is one of the most safety conscious operations. Typically there are two types of flight test programs, military and commercial. There is a significant difference between military and commercial flight testing where commercial test programs are carried out to certify the aircraft meets all required safety and performance requirements where as military programs involved in aircraft manufactures designing and building aircraft to government contracts to meet specific mission capabilities. Initiation of flight test preparations for both commercial and military aircraft commence well before the aircraft is ready to fly, although due to the fact that the government is funding the military projects, involvement of military flight testing is commence much ear ly-on in the design and testing process. Historical Data Analysis According to historical evidence, operational and airframe related risk of a serious accident causes is approximately one per million flight hours but failure problems occurred by aircraft systems problems is about 10 percent of this total amount. Therefore, it is reasonable to argue that systems faults should not allowed serious accidents and it is therefore possible for a new design to change the probability of such a serious accident not to be greater than one per ten million flight hours (1 x 10-7). But it is not possible to identify whether the target can be met until all the aircraft systems has been numerically collectively analysed. Due to this reason its assumed that there are about 100 potential failure conditions present arbitrarily which could prevent safe flight and landing of the aircraft. By sharing out equally the target allowable risk (x 10-7) equally among these conditions risk allocation result in not greater than 1 x 10-9 to each. Therefore the upper risk limit for failure conditions would be 1 x 10-9 for each hour of flight which approximates probability value for the term Extremely Improbable. Analytic techniques Various analytical techniques have been developed in line with the above topic to assist Airworthiness Authority and the applicant to carry out a safety analysis, which could benefit systematic qualitative analysis. This technique also important for analyst to perform quantitative assessment when required. The Advisory Material Joint (AMJ) identifies both qualitative and quantitative analytical approaches which could used to support JAA personal or assist applicant to determine the compliance with the requirement. And it also provides guidance for determining if or when a particular analysis to be conducted. The intended requirement of the analytical tools is supplement but not to replace operational and engineering judgement. Legal Issues To have a basic understanding of the legal requirement is vital for aviation professionals such as pilots, mechanics, air traffic controllers and executives. National and international laws or regulations regulate all aspects of civil air transportation. To ensure the effectiveness of the legal framework and enforceability of safety aspects, the following basic groups of regulations have been developed. Airworthiness Regulations to define: Applicable procedures, and Minimum safety, technical and performance requirements to be realised and maintain in the aircraft design. Ex: EASA Part 21 (aircraft certification procedures), Part M and Part 145 (aircraft maintenance) CS-25 (design code for large aircraft) Operational regulations: to define the basic rules air traffic has to follow and the minimum requirements for certain kinds of operations, for the aircraft and the person or the organisation. Ex: EU-OPS1 Commercial Air Transportation After an accident there is two main investigations (technical legal proceedings) will be conducted. Legal proceedings consist with; Civil proceedings which involved in civil claims for damages by victims and/or their relatives, Commercial proceedings which involved in claims for damages by customer and/or its insurer (Aircraft repair / loss, Reduction in aircraft residual value, Loss of revenue) and finally Criminal prosecution, in case of death / serious injury, in certain jurisdictions (ex: France, Germany). Continued Airworthiness According to ICAO Doc No 9760-2001 continued Airworthiness defined as The processes that ensure, at any time in its life, an aircraft complies with the technical conditions fixed to the issue of the Certificate of Airworthiness and is in a condition for safe operation. And recommends Contracting states are required to have a system that ensures aircraft are in a condition for safe operation. F. Florio (2006) stated that safety is the most important thing which has to be ensuring every time in every flight operations and all the airplanes must be in an air worthy state which is suitable for fly. In other words all the aircrafts must achieve and perform all the procedures in the Airworthiness Directive manuals. Furthermore, Florio (2006) also mentioned that continued airworthiness can be rely on two factors Organisation operators Maintenance Maintenance Maintenance can be explained as alterations, inspections, replacements of parts of the aircraft. This can be done by taking a record entry for each event such as replacement of LRUs (Line replacement units). According to Florio (2006), Maintenance refers to as preventive maintenance, alterations and repairs and introduction of airworthiness directive and also he stated that airworthiness is rely on the maintenance programmes , which also establish the replacement of time change items , the overhaul engines, propellers and various parts of appliances. Florio mentioned that as the part of the product type certifications of aircraft airworthiness authorities requires instructions for continued airworthiness thus these instructions can be identified as the fundamental tools of the maintenance because they are the basic maintenance programmes. These maintenance programmes must cater the requirements of operational and maintenance standards. According to EASA Maintenance programme; Every aircraft shall be maintained in accordance with the maintenance programmes approved by the competent authority, which shall be periodically reviewed and amended accordingly. The maintenance programme and any subsequent amendments shall be approved by the competent authority The maintenance programmes must establish compliance with; Instructions for continuing airworthiness issued by the type certificate and the supplementary type certificate holder Instructions issued by the complement authority Instructions issued by the owner or the operator and approved by the competent authority. Repairs Repair process involves different organisations where, when the products are not with aircraft manufacture, continuing airworthiness is governed by the state of registry or the responsibilities are spread out in organisations. Part 21A subpart M states the repair procedural requirements for certification. Under Part 21 subpart M: Elimination of damage (21A.431 b) Unrepaired damages (21A.445 a) Out of Part 21 subpart M Replacement without design activity (21A.431c) Repairs design from an approved manual (GM 21A.431 a) Following diagrams illustrates the Airbus repairing process. Figure 04: Airbus Repairing Process The Structure Repair Manual (SRM) describes general repair practices, materials and typical repairs, allowed damages, which are considered applicable to standard repairs. Its approved by aircraft manufacture under DOR privilege. Modifications Changes made to a particular aircraft after the issue of the airworthiness certificate is a modification. This could include changes to the structures, systems, powerplants, propellers etc Furthermore, substitution of one type for another also considered as a modification. Any modification requires approval from the Civil Aviation Authority directly or via an approved organisation. During a design modification, details of the change must be given to the authority at early stage where then the modification is classified as minor or major medication according to the nature of the investigation. If the outcome of an investigation requires amendments to the Certificate of Airworthiness or Flight Manual, authority may require following major modification procedures. Incidents and Accidents Flight safety experts believe that series of events leads to incidents and accidents. Accidents During the operation of an aircraft, result in occurrence associated with a person being fatally or seriously injured from the time any person boards to the aircraft with intention of flight until the time all persons disembarked. Incidents Other than accidents incidents also occurrences which relate to the operation of the aircraft or could affect the safety of its operation. Aging Aircraft Civil Aviation authority has defined Aging aircrafts as An operational aircraft approaching the end of its design life assumptions (Alder P. 2005). Aging aircraft can also be called as an older aircraft as well. Since the aircraft are manufacture to provide long lasting services for so many years, all the aircraft must be in an airworthy state and have to be safe to fly. Thus maintenance programmes must be carried out to maintain the aircraft and also aircraft must be operated according to the manufacturers recommendation. Florio F. (2006) stated that, older aircraft require additional care and the maintenance programmes must be carried out in a more specific way than the recently manufactured aircraft. And also he stated that due to the fatigue, accidental damage and also due to the environmental deterioration more inspection in the components of the structure must require in maintenance programmes. So to maintain airworthiness in older aircrafts manufacturers of the flight has to provide operators with the specific programs. In older aircrafts normally each of the aeroplane components have to undergo some of the repairs, overhauls, inspection maintenance, preventive maintenance and some replacements of components of the aircraft. Maintenance records have to be update regularly by the operator. Florio F. (2006) states that between operator of the aircraft, manufacturer and also the authority there should be an open communication system. Furthermore he states that once a problem occur the operator or the owner of the aircraft must inform it to the manufacturer and then manufacturer has to prepare the recommendations and has to update the appropriate programmes of continued air worthiness. After examination of those maintenance programmes the authorities will approve those. Role of the Regulator Airworthiness programmes consist of three main roles. Regulator Implementer Investigator Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) are examples for the regulation authorities. These authorities generate and distribute the regulations for aircraft operations for aviation industry. Civil Aviation Authority is the UKs independent specialist regulator. Their main responsibility is to provide world leading air safety environment in the aviation industry. Aircraft licensing, maintenance of specific airworthiness management systems and economic regulations, consumer protection, policies for airspace and setting up national safety standards can be taken as key role of CAA. Regulators involved in few or many roles as follows: Setting up the civil aviation standards and ensure they are achieved. Regulates and encourages airlines, airports and national air traffic services economic activities etc Manages the principal travel protection scheme. Ensure the airspace is a common place for all users by bringing civil and military interests together. Advise the government on aviation issues. Represents consumer interests Conduct scientific and economic research. Provide specialist services by producing statistical data. Conclusion Recommendation Aircraft airworthiness means compliance with applicable aviation authorities regulations that defines the minimum safety level of the aircraft, of the passengers transported and the over flown territories and when designed and built according to applicable requirements, when operated within its intended environment and within its quantified and declared limitations and maintained in accordance with procedures acceptable to the responsible Authority. Therefore, The Airworthiness is a collective responsibility of operators, authorities, manufactures and maintenance organisations.